scholarly journals H2S-based therapies for ischaemic stroke: opportunities and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Jia ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Jian Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Stroke Outcomes ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease displaying high mortality and morbidity. Despite extensive efforts, only very few therapies are available for stroke patients as yet. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is thought to be a signalling molecule that is endogenously produced and plays functional roles in the central nervous system. Currently, numerous studies show that H2S impacts stroke outcomes in animal and cellular models. Here, we review the recent research regarding the effects of endogenously produced H2S as well as exogenous H2S donors on stroke pathology, focusing on the potential of H2S-based therapies in treating ischaemic stroke. We also discuss the several issues that hinder the clinical translation of H2S-based therapies from the bench. Taken together, we think that H2S-based therapies are promising strategies for treating cerebral ischaemia if we successfully address these issues.

scholarly journals Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Cellular Populations of the Central Nervous System: The Influence of Donor Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Diego Delgado ◽  
Ane Miren Bilbao ◽  
Maider Beitia ◽  
Ane Garate ◽  
Pello Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biologic therapy that promotes healing responses across multiple medical fields, including the central nervous system (CNS). The efficacy of this therapy depends on several factors such as the donor’s health status and age. This work aims to prove the effect of PRP on cellular models of the CNS, considering the differences between PRP from young and elderly donors. Two different PRP pools were prepared from donors 65–85 and 20–25 years old. The cellular and molecular composition of both PRPs were analyzed. Subsequently, the cellular response was evaluated in CNS in vitro models, studying proliferation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and inflammation. While no differences in the cellular composition of PRPs were found, the molecular composition of the Young PRP showed lower levels of inflammatory molecules such as CCL-11, as well as the presence of other factors not found in Aged PRP (GDF-11). Although both PRPs had effects in terms of reducing neural progenitor cell apoptosis, stabilizing neuronal synapses, and decreasing inflammation in the microglia, the effect of the Young PRP was more pronounced. In conclusion, the molecular composition of the PRP, conditioned by the age of the donors, affects the magnitude of the biological response.

scholarly journals Cytokines, brain proteins, and growth factors in acute stroke patients: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Atif Zafar ◽  
Mudassir Farooqui ◽  
Asad Ikram ◽  
Sajid Suriya ◽  
Duraisamy Kempuraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Multiplex Assay ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Background: Immunomodulation and cell signaling involve several cytokines, proteins, and other mediators released in response to the trauma, inflammation, or other insults to the central nervous system. This pilot study is part of the registry designed to evaluate the temporal trends among these molecules after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients. Methods: Twelve AIS patients were enrolled within 24 hours of the symptoms onset. Two sets of plasma samples were collected: First at admission and second at 24 hours after admission. Cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory molecules were measured using multiplex assay kit. Results: An increased trend in IL-6 (22 vs. 34 pg/ml), IL-8/CXCL8 (87 vs. 98 pg/ml), MMP-9 (16225 vs. 18450 pg/ml), and GMF-β (999 vs. 3739 pg/ml) levels was observed overtime after an AIS. Patients ≤60 years had lower levels of plasma MCP-1/CCL2 (50–647 vs. 150–1159 pg/ml), IL-6 (9–25 vs. 20–68 pg/ml), and IL-8 (30– 143 vs. 72–630 pg/ml), when compared with patients >60 years old. Conclusion: Cytokines/chemokines and other inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke in addition to mediating poststroke inflammation. Further research is needed to evaluate and characterize the cumulative trends of these mediators for the clinical prognosis or as surrogate biomarkers.

scholarly journals Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 153601212092760
Author(s):  
Hamideh Zarrinmayeh ◽  
Paul R. Territo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Purinergic Receptors ◽  
P2y Receptors ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain. Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.

Congenital Glioblastoma Multiforme: An Unusual and Challenging Tumor

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (06) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Anestis ◽  
Christina Ble ◽  
Vassilios Tsitouras ◽  
Christos Tsonidis ◽  
Parmenion Tsitsopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Rare Tumor ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractCongenital glioblastoma multiforme is a rare tumor of the central nervous system with unique features. The existing evidence on its pathogenesis, genetic and molecular profile, special characteristics, treatment, and prognosis is reviewed. An increased number of antenatal diagnoses and prolonged survival for those individuals who can tolerate combined surgical resection and chemotherapy has been noted. The overall prognosis, however, remains poor. A better understanding of this unusual entity is important. Further research is needed to discern tumor's pathogenesis and natural history. This will likely lead to the development and implementation of treatment strategies that may decrease mortality and morbidity in these patients.

Are There Parallel Channels in the Vestibular Nerve?

Physiology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellengene H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Primary Afferents ◽  
Vestibular Nerve ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Parallel Channels

A popular concept in neurobiology is that sensory information is transmitted to the central nervous system over parallel channels of neurons that play different functional roles. But alternative organizing schemes are possible, and it is useful to ask whether some other framework might better account for the diversity of vestibular primary afferents.

Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Shinrye Lee ◽  
Dong Ho Park ◽  
Hyun Kook ◽  
Keun-Gyu Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Therapeutic Opportunities of Interleukin-33 in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Sun ◽  
Yankai Wen ◽  
Luxi Wang ◽  
Liang Wen ◽  
Wendong You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Interleukin 33 ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Receptor Accessory Protein

Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is involved in various diseases. IL-33 exerts its effects via its heterodimeric receptor complex, which comprises suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that IL-33/ST2 signaling plays diverse but crucial roles in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, infection, trauma, and ischemic stroke. In the current review, we focus on the functional roles and cellular signaling mechanisms of IL-33 in the CNS and evaluate the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Neuroinflammation

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1796
Author(s):  
Anja Pišlar ◽  
Lara Bolčina ◽  
Janko Kos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cysteine Cathepsins ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia and astrocytes, is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that activated microglia induce the expression and secretion of various lysosomal cathepsins, particularly during the early stage of neuroinflammation. This trigger signaling cascade that aggravate neurodegeneration. To date, most research on neuroinflammation has focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins, the largest cathepsin family. Cysteine cathepsins are primarily responsible for protein degradation in lysosomes; however, they also play a role in regulating a number of other important physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the functional roles of cysteine cathepsins in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on their roles in the polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation signaling, which in turn causes neuronal death and thus neurodegeneration.

A Protean Presentation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Y. Chong ◽  
Michael P. Lerario
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Primary Angiitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Degree

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is a rare but often dramatic cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Its varied clinical course, in combination with high false-negative rates of cerebral angiography and brain biopsy, makes it a difficult disease to definitively diagnosis. Consider a diagnosis of vasculitis in patients with atypical-appearing or multifocal vascular lesions, particularly if they involve both ischemic and hemorrhagic components. Central nervous system angiitis can result in a high degree of mortality and morbidity despite immunosuppressant therapy.

Interventional Neurology—Recent Advances and New Applications

US Neurology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Interventional Procedures ◽  
Catheter Angiography ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Stroke Treatment ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Therapeutic Landscape ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Applications

Interventional neurology refers to endovascular, catheter-based techniques using fluoroscopy and angiography to diagnose and treat vascular disease of the central nervous system. This article provides an update on the recent advances and newer applications of diagnostic cerebral angiography, acute endovascular stroke treatment, revascularization of carotid and intracranial stenosis, as well as cerebral aneurysm treatment. More importantly, however, is demonstrating not only how diagnostic cerebral catheter angiography has been redefined, but also how the associated interventional procedures have transformed the therapeutic landscape for stroke patients.

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