Exposure to tobacco marketing in bars predicts subsequent use of multiple tobacco products among non-tobacco-using college students

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055195
Author(s):  
Ana Laura Herrera ◽  
Keryn E Pasch ◽  
C Nathan Marti ◽  
Alexandra Loukas ◽  
Cheryl Perry
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
White Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
School Type ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Marketing ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hispanic White

BackgroundDue to other marketing restrictions, one venue where tobacco companies concentrate their marketing efforts to reach young adults is bars/nightclubs.ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between exposure to tobacco marketing in bars/nightclubs and number of alternative tobacco/nicotine products used 6 months later among college students.MethodsParticipants were 1,406 students aged 18–29 years old who reported going to bars or nightclubs at least rarely (M age=21.95; 67% female; 46% non-Hispanic white). Students completed an online survey in fall 2014/spring 2015 (wave 1) and again 6 months later (wave 2). Multilevel Poisson regression models were used to assess the relationship between exposure to three types of marketing at bars/nightclubs at wave 1 (tobacco/nicotine product advertisements; free samples; industry representatives) and number of tobacco products used (range=0–5) at wave 2, controlling for school type (2 year vs 4 year), age, sex, race/ethnicity and frequency of bar visits. An interaction between the number of wave 1 products and each marketing variable was tested.ResultsGreater exposure to free samples and tobacco industry representatives at bars/nightclubs predicted a greater number of products used 6 months later, but only among wave 1 non-tobacco users and not among tobacco users. Exposure to advertisements at bars/nightclubs did not predict the number of products used 6 months later.ConclusionTobacco companies claim that marketing is targeted to those who already use the product, not to non-users. However, the current study indicates tobacco marketing in bars and nightclubs may encourage use among non-users and has no influence on current users.

scholarly journals Understanding the relationship between the 32-item motor function measure and daily activities from an individual with spinal muscular atrophy and their caregivers’ perspective: a two-part study

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Duong ◽  
Jessica Braid ◽  
Hannah Staunton ◽  
Aurelie Barriere ◽  
Fani Petridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Function Measure

Abstract Background The 32-item Motor Function Measure (MFM32) is a clinician-reported outcome measure used to assess the functional abilities of individuals with neuromuscular diseases, including those with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). This two-part study explored the relationship between the functional abilities assessed in the MFM32 and activities of daily living (ADLs) from the perspective of individuals with Type 2 and Type 3 (non-ambulant and ambulant) SMA and their caregivers through qualitative interviews and a quantitative online survey. Methods In-depth, semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals with SMA and caregivers from the US. Subsequently, a quantitative online survey was completed by individuals with SMA or their caregivers from France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Canada, the United States (US) and the UK. In both parts of the study, participants were asked to describe the ADLs considered to be related to the functional abilities assessed in the MFM32. Results from the qualitative interviews informed the content of the quantitative online survey. Results Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 adult participants, and 217 participants completed the quantitative online survey. From the qualitative interviews, all of the functional abilities assessed in the patient-friendly MFM32 were deemed as related to one or more ADL. The specific ADLs that participants considered related to the patient-friendly MFM32 items could be grouped into 10 key ADL domains: dressing, mobility/transferring, self-care, self-feeding, reaching, picking up and holding objects, physical activity, writing and technology use, social contact/engagement, toileting and performing work/school activities. These results were confirmed by the quantitative online survey whereby the ADLs reported to be related to each patient-friendly MFM32 item were consistent and could be grouped into the same 10 ADL domains. Conclusion This study provides in-depth evidence from the patient/caregiver perspective supporting the relevance of the patient-friendly MFM32 items to the ADLs of individuals with Type 2 and Type 3 SMA.

scholarly journals How College Students Assess the Threat of Infectious Diseases: Implications for University Leaders and Health Communicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 129-164
Author(s):  
Yan Jin ◽  
Yen-I Lee ◽  
Brooke Fisher Liu ◽  
Lucinda Austin ◽  
Seoyeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
College Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Attribution ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
University Leaders ◽  
The Relationship

Higher education institutions and their students face a wide range of infectious disease threats (IDTs). However, there is a lack of theory-driven research on how to provide communication for multiple IDTs to motivate protective action taking. To close this gap, this study focuses on college students and two IDT types: respiratory and sexually transmitted infections. We tested an IDT appraisal model with data from an online survey conducted at two U.S. universities with 842 students. Findings indicate that IDT type led to different patterns of threat appraisal and protective action taking intentions. More specifically, participants perceived sexually transmitted threats as significantly more predictable and more controllable than respiratory threats. Participants also had higher intention to take protective action in response to respiratory threats than sexually-transmitted threats. We also found that external attribution-dependent (EAD) emotions (i.e., anger, sadness, surprise, and confusion) and an internal-attribution-dependent (IAD) emotion (i.e., hope) were sequential mediators in the relationship between IDT appraisal and protective action taking intentions for both infectious disease types. Implications for IDT communication research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Racial and Sex Differences in 24 Hour Urinary Hydration Markers among Male and Female Emerging Adults: A Pilot Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Adams ◽  
Derek J. Hevel ◽  
Jaclyn P. Maher ◽  
Jared T. McGuirt
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

The purpose of this study was to examine 24 h urinary hydration markers in non-Hispanic White (WH) and non-Hispanic Black (BL) males and females. Thirteen males (BL, n = 6; WH, n = 7) and nineteen females (BL, n = 16, WH, n = 3) (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 4 y; height, 169.2 ± 12.2 cm; body mass, 71.3 ± 12.2 kg; body fat, 20.8 ± 9.7%) provided a 24 h urine sample across 7 (n = 13) or 3 (n = 19) consecutive days (148 d total) for assessment of urine volume (UVOL), urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color (UCOL). UVOL was significantly lower in BL (0.85 ± 0.43 L) compared to WH college students (2.03 ± 0.70 L) (p < 0.001). Measures of UOSM, USG, and UCOL, were significantly greater in BL (716 ± 263 mOsm∙kg−1, 1.020 ± 0.007, and 4.2 ± 1.4, respectively) compared to WH college students (473 ± 194 mOsm∙kg−1, 1.013 ± 0.006, 3.0 ± 1.2, and respectively) (p < 0.05). Differences in 24 h urinary hydration measures were not significantly different between males and females (p > 0.05) or between the interaction of sex and race/ethnicity (p > 0.05). Non-Hispanic Black men and women were inadequately hydrated compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Our findings suggest that development of targeted strategies to improve habitual fluid intake and potentially overall health are needed.

scholarly journals Race and Stratification in College Enrollment Over Time

AERA Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 233285841775189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Baker ◽  
Daniel Klasik ◽  
Sean F. Reardon
Keyword(s):  
White Students ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
High School Graduation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Hispanic White

We measure college enrollment selectivity gaps by race-ethnicity using a novel method that is sensitive to both the level (2- vs. 4-year) and selectivity of the college in which students enroll. We find that overall Hispanic–White and Black–White enrollment selectivity gaps closed in the United States between 1986 and 2014. This overall closing of gaps appears to be related to the closing of high school graduation gaps. However, this contraction was driven almost entirely by students at the margin between no college and college enrolling in non-degree-granting programs. Among students who enrolled in degree-granting schools, Black students have enrolled at increasingly less selective institutions than White students, whereas Hispanic–White gaps remained relatively unchanged over the nearly 30 years of our study. These gaps are concerning because of their implications for long-term economic inequality.

scholarly journals Age of Initiation of Dual Tobacco Use and Binge Drinking among Youth (12–17 Years Old): Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 12985
Author(s):  
Adriana Pérez ◽  
Arnold E. Kuk ◽  
Meagan A. Bluestein ◽  
Hui Min Shirlyn Sia ◽  
Baojiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

Earlier exposure to binge drinking and tobacco use is associated with higher odds of substance use disorders. Using national youth data from the PATH study, we prospectively estimate the age of initiating past 30-day use of (1) cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and binge drinking, and (2) cigarettes, cigarillos, and binge drinking. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate differences in the age of initiation by sex, race/ethnicity, and previous use of other tobacco products. By age 21, 4.4% (95% CI: 3.7–5.2) and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.2–2.8) of youth reported initiation of past 30-day use outcomes (1) and (2), respectively. After controlling for sex and previous use of other tobacco products, statistically significant differences in the age of initiation by race/ethnicity were found for each outcome: Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black youth were less likely than non-Hispanic White youth to initiate past 30-day use of both outcomes (1) and (2) at earlier ages. Although the initiation of both outcomes remained relatively low by age 21, these incidences represent 1.56 million and 700,000 youth, respectively. This study provides the public with evidence to identify the particular ages at which education campaigns may be most effective to prevent youth from initiating these three substances. Further research is needed to estimate the age of initiation of other dual tobacco use patterns with binge drinking.

Adolescent Susceptibility to E-Cigarettes: An Update From the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey

2020 ◽  
pp. 089011712097112
Author(s):  
Alayna P. Tackett ◽  
Brittney Keller-Hamilton ◽  
Emily T. Hébert ◽  
Caitlin E. Smith ◽  
Samantha W. Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Adolescent Sample ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Perceived Harm ◽  
Hispanic White

Purpose: Examine correlates of e-cigarette susceptibility among adolescents. Design: Secondary data analyses using the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey, excluding participants under 12 and over 17. Setting: United States middle and high schools. Subjects: Never e-cigarette users ( n = 12,439) ages 12-17. Measures: Relationships between e-cigarette susceptibility and age, sex, race/ethnicity, ever tobacco use, perceived ease of purchasing tobacco products, perceived harm, relative addictiveness, household use of e-cigarettes/tobacco were examined. Analysis: Odds of susceptibility were modeled with weighted multivariable logistic regressions. Results: Thirty-five percent (unweighted n = 4,436) of adolescents were susceptible to e-cigarettes. Adolescents who were female (aOR = 1.2), Hispanic (aOR = 1.3), perceived e-cigarettes as anything less than “a lot of harm” (aOR = 2.2-4.9) and “easy” to purchase (aOR = 1.4), had ever used combustible tobacco (aOR = 2.9), or reported household use of e-cigarettes (aOR = 1.5) were susceptible. Non-Hispanic black respondents (vs. non-Hispanic white; aOR = 0.72) had significantly lower odds of susceptibility to e-cigarettes. Conclusion: In the 2018 NYTS adolescent sample, perceptions of harm and ease of tobacco product purchase appear to be significantly related to higher odds of e-cigarette susceptibility, in addition to other demographic factors. Longitudinal data, particularly cohort data following adolescents from susceptible to actual or no use, are needed to assess predictors of e-cigarette use initiation.

Sensitivity-to-diversity: a moderator of diversity – affective outcomes relationships

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Caren Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Affective Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Workgroup Diversity ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop two new constructs – sensitivity to gender and race/ethnicity diversity – and examined how differences in these constructs moderate the diversity – affective outcomes relationships. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 250 full-time employees completed an online survey on their sensitivity, workgroup diversity, and affective reactions toward their workgroups. Findings – The paper performed a construct validation of the new sensitivity to diversity measures and found that they were conceptually distinct from two existing diversity perceptual constructs – gender identity salience and pro-diversity belief. Furthermore, the authors found that the moderating effect of sensitivity to gender diversity on the relationship between gender diversity and perceived cohesiveness and workgroup commitment was stronger for women than for men. The authors also found that the moderating role of sensitivity to race/ethnicity diversity on the relationship between race/ethnicity diversity and workgroup commitment and satisfaction with coworkers varied by race/ethnicity. Research limitations/implications – Although common method variance can be a problem, diagnostic tests indicated that it had minimal influence on the results. Practical implications – Organizations need to understand how individual differences among employees, especially among female and racial/ethnic minority employees, affect their responses to workgroup diversity and diversity initiatives. Originality/value – Prior research on diversity has generally not examined individual differences in the propensity to notice differences. This study contributes to the literature by examining the moderating roles of such important individual characteristics on the relationship between diversity and affective outcomes.

A-9 Representing the Underrepresented: An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in TBI-Related Outcomes in U.S. Veterans Enrolled in the Million Veteran Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1031
Author(s):  
McKenna S Sakamoto ◽  
Catherine Chanfreau-Coffinier ◽  
Lisa Delano-Wood ◽  
V A Million Veteran Program ◽  
Victoria C Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Native Hawaiian ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Pacific Islander ◽  
Injury Characteristics ◽  
Blast Exposure ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research in Veterans is based primarily on non-Hispanic White samples, which does not reflect the diversity of the current military population. We examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and clinical outcomes in a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era Veterans within the Million Veteran Program. Method Primary outcomes included injury characteristics, neurobehavioral-related symptoms, and employment status gleaned from the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation (CTBIE) for 7006 Veterans with a clinician-confirmed history of TBI. Logistic regressions adjusting for age, sex, and education examined the effect of race/ethnicity on CTBIE outcomes. Results Racial/ethnic groups included non-Hispanic White (n = 4203), Hispanic (¬n = 1302), non-Hispanic Black (n = 951), Asian (¬n = 205), Multiracial (¬n = 157), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (−n = 91), and American Indian/Alaska Native (¬n = 79). Race/ethnicity was significantly associated with 5/10 CTBIE variables after applying Bonferroni-correction: blast exposure, loss of consciousness, post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), affective neurobehavioral symptoms, and unemployment (p’s &lt; 0.0001). Relative to non-Hispanic Whites, Veterans self-identifying as Asian, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic were less likely to experience certain injury-related characteristics (e.g., blast exposure, PTA). Additionally, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander groups were less likely to endorse severe affective symptoms compared to White Veterans, whereas Black Veterans were more likely to endorse severe affective symptoms. Conclusions Results highlight that certain TBI outcomes—particularly those related to injury characteristics and affective symptoms—vary by race/ethnicity. An enhanced understanding of how outcomes are modified by race/ethnicity is vital so that clinical care can be appropriately tailored to the unique needs of racially and ethnically diverse Veterans. Future studies should further elucidate the relationship between race/ethnicity and TBI outcomes.

White College Students’ Explanations of White (and Black) Athletic Performance: A Qualitative Investigation of White College Students

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Keith Harrison ◽  
Suzanne Malia Lawrence ◽  
Scott J. Bukstein
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
African American ◽  
White Students ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
White Student ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Sport Sociology ◽  
Biological Explanations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White College

While the sport sociology community has had a long-running conversation about the relationship between athletes’ success and race, there are few empirical investigations of individuals’ attitudes regarding the connection of race and athletic performance. This study on White college students’ explanations of White (and African American) athleticism attempts to push this discussion of race and sport. Using a qualitative, open-ended question we elicited explanations from White college students about athletic performance. Findings revealed that White students explained White athleticism through discussions of African American athleticism. In addition, White student participants avoided biological explanations regarding White athletes’ success.

scholarly journals Marketing Exposure Recall is Associated With Past 30-Day Single, Dual, Polytobacco Use Among US Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S55-S61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale S Mantey ◽  
MeLisa R Creamer ◽  
Keryn E Pasch ◽  
Cheryl L Perry
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
School Students ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Marketing ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Product Marketing ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction This study assesses the relationship between tobacco/e-cigarette marketing exposure and single, dual, and polytobacco product use, among adolescents. Given the increased use of noncigarette tobacco products (eg, cigars, e-cigarettes, hookah) among youth, it is imperative to understand if marketing exposure is associated with dual and polytobacco product use. Methods Data were obtained from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey and weighted to be representative of US middle and high school students. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between product marketing (via internet, print, retail, and TV/movies) and past 30-day single, dual, and poly (three or more) tobacco product use. Three analyses were conducted using different categories as referent groups to allow for comprehensive examination of the relationships between all groups. Results Marketing exposure was significantly correlated with a greater risk of single, dual, and polytobacco product use relative to nonusers. Relative to single product users, product marketing exposure was significantly correlated with a greater relative risk of dual and polytobacco use. There was no statistical difference in the association of marketing exposure between dual and polytobacco use, in any model. Conclusion A positive relationship between tobacco product marketing exposure and number of tobacco products used was observed. The magnitude of the relationship grew from single product to dual/poly use. Restrictions of marketing of all tobacco products, similar to cigarettes, particularly in the retail setting, should be considered. Implications This study has two primary public health implications. First, self-reported exposure to tobacco/e-cigarette marketing is widespread among adolescents of all tobacco product categories. Second, this widespread exposure to tobacco/e-cigarette marketing appears to not only be correlated with use of a single tobacco product (eg, cigarettes, e-cigarettes), but also multiple tobacco products. While longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the relationships observed in this study, findings justify further study given the known relationship between tobacco marketing exposure and subsequent cigarette use.

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