THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AND NITROGEN ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDLINGS OF JACK PINE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Giertych ◽  
J. L. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Winter Buds ◽  
Active Root

Nine seed lots of Pinus banksiana Lamb. and one of P. contorta var. latifolia Engelm. were grown for 115 days on five nitrogen levels and two photoperiods. The nitrogen levels were: zero N—no nitrogen, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], 1N—203 p.p.m., and 2N—406 p.p.m. The two photoperiods were a long-night photoperiod (10-hour day) and a broken-night photoperiod (9.5-hour day followed by 0.5-hour light break in the middle of the dark period). The plants, five per vessel, were analyzed for their response to treatments in terms of growth, development, and nitrogen content.(1) The breaking of the night doubled the height, total dry weight, and leaf weight and increased root weight and nitrogen absorption, but it lowered the number of fresh, active root tips, the proportion of the plant in root tissue, and the nitrogen concentration, inhibited production of secondary leaves, and delayed winter bud formation.(2) The increase in nitrogen level in the medium lowered the percentage of fresh, active root tips, the proportion of the plant in root tissue, and the production of winter buds; it increased the content and concentration of nitrogen in the plants. Up to a certain maximum (about [Formula: see text]), it increased the dry weight and height of the plants.(3) The interrelation of growth and developmental stimuli is discussed. It is suggested that growth is an important factor in controlling development.

scholarly journals Monosporic Inoculation of Economically Important Horticultural Species with Native Endomycorrhizae under Greenhouse Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Flor Hernandez ◽  
Rosalinda Villarreal ◽  
Valentin Torres ◽  
Adrien Gallou
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Research into the symbiotic relationship between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is key for sustainable agricultural intensification. The objective of the present study is to evaluate native AMF at the monosporic level in greenhouse-grown, economically important crops. Agricultural soil samples from three locations (Saltillo, Zaragoza, and Parras) were obtained by combining portions resulting from a zigzag sampling pattern. From these samples, 15 morphotypes were extracted according to a modified Gerdemann’s technique and monosporically inoculated on melon, cucumber, tomato, and onion, 30 days after their sowing. Under a completely random experimental design, 16 treatments with three repetitions were defined. Plant height, root length, stem diameter, total fresh weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight, bulb weight, fresh leaf weight, total dry weight, flower number, leaf number, fruit number, spore number, and percentage of colonization were all evaluated. The results were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey comparison test (p ≤ 0.05), which showed that the monosporic inoculation favors significantly the AMF and the host, while the T6 (Saltillo spore + Steiner modified with 20% of the normal phosphorus concentration) showed a greater response uniformity on onion and melon, which indicates its great potential as an inoculum.

scholarly journals Increasing Cell Size and Reducing Medium Compression Enhance Lettuce Transplant Quality and Field Production

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Nicola ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Growth Ratio ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Initial Root

`South Bay' lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse during winter, spring, and fall to investigate the effect of cell size and medium compression on transplant quality and yield. Four Speedling planter flats (1.9-, 10.9-, 19.3-, 39.7-cm3 cells) and two medium compression levels [noncompressed and compressed (1.5 times in weight)] were tested. The two larger cell sizes and compression of the medium led to increased plant shoot growth. Conversely, root weight ratio [RWR = (final root dry weight ÷ final total dry weight + initial root dry weight ÷ initial total dry weight) ÷ 2] was highest with the smaller cells without medium compression. Lettuce transplants were field-grown on sand and muck soils. The larger cells delayed harvest by >2 weeks for plants grown on muck soil, but yield was unaffected. When grown on sandy soil, earliness was enhanced from plants grown in 19- and 40-cm3 cells, but head weights were not affected in the spring planting. In fall, heads were heavier for plants grown in 11-, 19-, or 40-cm3 cells compared with those from 2-cm3 cells. On sandy soil, harvest was delayed 13 days in spring and 16 days in fall for plants grown in the smallest cell size. Using the two smaller cell sizes saved medium and space in the greenhouse and increased the root growth ratio, but it led to reduced plant growth compared to using the bigger cells. Yield and earliness were more related to season and soil type than to transplant quality. On sandy soil, plants grown in 2- and 11-cm3 cells matured later, and yield was significantly decreased (8.6%) in fall by using plants from the 2-cm3 cells compared to the other sizes. From our results, compressing the medium in the cells was not justified because it is more costly and did not benefit yield in the field.

scholarly journals Growth of Poinsettias, Nutrient Leaching, and Water-use Efficiency Respond to Irrigation Methods

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 858-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Dole ◽  
Janet C. Cole ◽  
Sharon L. von Broembsen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
The Media ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Ebb And Flow

`Gutbier V-14 Glory' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex. Klotzsch) grown with ebb-and-flow irrigation used the least amount of water and produced the least runoff, and plants grown with capillary mats used the greatest amount of water and produced the most runoff, compared to microtube and hand-watering systems. The maximum amount of water retained by the pots and media was greatest for the microtube and ebb-and-flow systems and became progressively lower for the hand-watering and capillary mat systems. The media and leachate electrical conductivity from plants grown with subirrigation systems was higher than those grown with top irrigation. For the two top-irrigation systems (microtube and hand-watering), plants grown with 250 mg N/liter from a 20N-4.4P-16.6K water-soluble fertilizer had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights than those grown with 175 mg N/liter. The two subirrigation systems (ebb-and-flow and capillary mat) produced plants that were taller and had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights when grown with 175 than with 250 mg N/liter. The higher fertilizer concentration led to increased N, P, Fe, and Mn concentration in the foliage. Nitrogen concentration was higher in top-irrigated plants than in subirrigated plants. The ebb-and-flow system produced the greatest total dry weight per liter of water applied and per liter of runoff; capillary mat watering was the least efficient in regard to water applied and runoff.

scholarly journals Line × tester analysis for growth and biomass characteristics of Salix

Genetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Sapna Thakur ◽  
N.B. Singh ◽  
Sanjeev Thakur ◽  
J.P. Sharma ◽  
R.K. Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Proportional Contribution ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Salix Spp

Line ? tester analysis was carried out in willows (Salix spp.) to determine the genetic interaction in the expression of various quantitative characters related to productivity. Combining ability revealed that the estimates of GCA variance (?2 GCA) were more than the SCA variance (?2 SCA) for all the characters studied. Later the gene action study revealed that additive variance was observed more than the dominance variance for all the parameters studied. The proportional contribution of lines were higher than individual contribution of testers or line ? tester interaction except for fresh root weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight and total dry weight where the contribution of interactions was more. Line PN 227 and tester Austree and J 795 were found to be good general combiners and thus appeared to be worthy of exploiting in Salix improvement through breeding and recurrent selection followed by cloning for developing commercial superior clones. On the basis of mean performance and significant desirable SCA effects, the combinations PN 227 ? Austree, PN 227 ? NZ 1140 and J 799 ? Austree were found to be the most promising families for growth and biomass characters and are recommended for within family selections followed by heterotic breeding.

scholarly journals Effects of one haustorium-inducing quinone DMBQ on growth and development of root hemiparasitic plant Monochasma savatieri

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanlan Chen ◽  
Zaibiao Zhu ◽  
Qiaosheng Guo ◽  
Jun Guo ◽  
Zhigang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Wild Resources ◽  
Maximum Root Length ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Inducing Factors ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT: Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim is a perennial, parasitic herb used in traditional Chinese medicine and its wild resources have decreased sharply in recent years due to destructively harvesting and habitat destruction. Haustorium formation is a key event of parasites, but the concentrations of haustorium-inducing factors vary with species and cultivation conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of the 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (DMBQ) concentration and cultivation density on the growth traits, haustorium formation and biomass of M. savatieri in the absence of a host plant. The results showed that both the DMBQ concentration and cultivation density regulated growth traits, haustorium formation and biomass in M. savatieri. The number of haustoria was significantly positively correlated with seedling height, maximum root length, the number of root tips and total dry weight. Membership function analysis revealed an overall greater increase in growth traits, haustorium formation and biomass when M. savatieri was treated with 10 μmol·L-1DMBQ and grew solitarily. These results offer an understanding of growth in M. savatieri influenced by the DMBQ concentration and cultivation density, which may aid in the establishment of a comprehensive cultivation system for M. savatieri or similar plants.

Compensatory responses of late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) and rice to resource limitations

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Gibson ◽  
Albert J. Fischer ◽  
Theodore C. Foin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The development of optimal weed management strategies that rely, in part, on crop interference will require an understanding of how weeds compensate for limitations in above- and belowground resources. Trade-offs in the leaf morphology and biomass partitioning of rice and late watergrass were investigated under glasshouse conditions in 1999 and 2000. Both species responded to shade with increased height, reduced biomass, greater partitioning of biomass to leaves, and greater leaf area ratios. At the lowest light level (18% sunlight), plants of both species showed little response to nitrogen (N). However, height, tillers, biomass, and leaf area increased for plants grown at 50% and full sunlight as N increased from 0 to 224 kg N ha−1. Late watergrass exhibited more plasticity in specific leaf area and root weight ratio than rice in response to shade. This plasticity contributed to the ability of late watergrass to maintain a higher percent of its tillers and total dry weight than rice when sunlight was reduced by 50%. These results support the hypothesis that except at low light levels, limited N further reduces the growth of shaded late watergrass plants. Thus, weed management strategies that limit the plasticity of late watergrass by manipulating light and N availability are likely to be more effective than strategies that rely on manipulating a single resource.

Influence of nitrogen and herbicide treatments on the nitrogen uptake of pea and Chenopodium album L.

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wágner ◽  
E. Nádasy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Based on the results of earlier greenhouse tests, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different herbicide combinations (clomazone, flumioxazine and pendimethaline combined with bentazone) at increasing nitrogen levels on the nitrogen uptake of green pea and common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.). Nitrogen was administered to the pea plants in the form of ammonium nitrate at increasing levels: 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha. The experimental soil was loamy Ramann’s brown forest soil (Eutric Cambisol). Green peas were grown to green maturity and harvested according to standard agricultural practices. Following harvest, the fresh and dry weight of the pea and weed shoots were recorded. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were determined from dried plant samples after digestion with concentrated sulphuric acid.The main results can be summarized as followsThe addition of nitrogen to the treatments considerably altered the growing potential of pea plants, especially at the early growth stage, where an increase in dry biomass of nearly 30% was observed. Yield biomass decreased in the nitrogen treatments. The nitrogen concentration, which increased in every treatment, was directly correlated to the addition of nitrogen fertilizer. Herbicides mainly influenced the vegetative growth of the plants. Pendimethalin and flumioxazin indirectly caused an increase in the dry biomass of the shoots by killing the surrounding weeds.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation for Traits Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Lens Species at the Seedling Stage

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2711
Author(s):  
Vinita Ramtekey ◽  
Ruchi Bansal ◽  
Muraleedhar S. Aski ◽  
Deepali Kothari ◽  
Akanksha Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Root ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Phosphorus (P) is an essential, non-renewable resource critical for crop productivity across the world. P is immobile in nature and, therefore, the identification of novel genotypes with efficient P uptake and utilization under a low P environment is extremely important. This study was designed to characterize eighty genotypes of different Lens species for shoot and root traits at two contrasting levels of P. A significant reduction in primary root length (PRL), total surface area (TSA), total root tips (TRT), root forks (RF), total dry weight (TDW), root dry weight (RDW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) in response to P deficiency was recorded. A principal component analysis revealed that the TDW, SDW and RDW were significantly correlated to P uptake and utilization efficiency in lentils. Based on total dry weight (TDW) under low P, L4727, EC718309, EC714238, PL-97, EC718348, DPL15, PL06 and EC718332 were found promising. The characterization of different Lens species revealed species-specific variations for the studied traits. Cultivated lentils exhibited higher P uptake and utilization efficiency as compared to the wild forms. The study, based on four different techniques, identified EC714238 as the most P use-efficient genotype. The genotypes identified in this study can be utilized for developing mapping populations and deciphering the genetics for breeding lentil varieties suited for low P environments.

Performance After Planting of Four Types of Container-grown Lodgepole Pine Seedlings

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Endean ◽  
D. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Environment Experiment

Four types of container-grown lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings differing in age and rearing regime were transplanted into a controlled laboratory environment and into the field. After 12 weeks, seedlings were excavated and stem length and dry weight of shoot and roots were measured, these and derived parameters were compared with values obtained at the time of planting. Survival was uniformly high, the largest seedlings prior to planting performed best under all conditions. In the controlled environment experiment, initial shoot weight, total weight, and ratio of shoot weight/shoot length were significantly correlated with final root weight, an important factor in initial establishment; in addition shoot and total weight increment were significantly and positively correlated with initial shoot/root ratio. In the field no overall significant correlations were obtained. Shoot/root ratio decreased slightly in the controlled environment and significantly in the field after outplanting. Results suggest that the largest plant which can be grown and planted economically shows largest increment and achieves largest final total dry weight and root dry weight in the first growing season after outplanting. The need for a physiological rather than morphological grading of seedlings is stressed.

scholarly journals Orchid in vitro growth as affected by nitrogen levels in the culture medium

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando R Tavares ◽  
Jorge Luiz M Young ◽  
Sandra S Ori ◽  
Shoey Kanashiro ◽  
Giuseppina PP Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Ionic Balance ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

In vitro cultivation is the main propagation method for the family Orchidaceae, whereas nitrogen is the most important nutrient in the culture media. This work was carried out to study the influence of different nitrogen concentrations on the in vitro growth of the orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis. Nitrogen concentrations varied by altering the ionic balance of the Murashige & Skoog (MS) culture medium. Plants, 360 days old, were cultivated in liquid MS, modified with 7.5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mM N. After 180 days, we assessed plant and root length, number of leaves and roots, and fresh and dry weight of leaves, roots and plants. Treatments were assigned to completely randomized plots, with four replications. Plots consisted of five three-plant flasks. The lowest nitrogen level (7.5 mM) in the medium induced root development in length, number, and fresh and dry weight. The concentration 30 mM N stimulated both emission and dry weight accumulation of leaves. The original nitrogen concentration in the MS medium (60 mM) was excessive for the in vitro growth of P. amabilis.

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