DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON EUPHORBIA ESULA L.: SOME EFFECTS OF THE NITROGEN SUPPLY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEEDLING

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. McIntyre ◽  
M. V. S. Raju
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Stage Of Development

The influence of the nitrogen supply on the growth and development of Euphorbia esula L. was investigated by growing seedlings in sand culture at nitrogen levels of 105 p.p.m. (later increased to 210 p.p.m.), 10.5 p.p.m. and 2.1 p.p.m. Shoot height and dry weight and the shoot/root ratio were much reduced by nitrogen deficiency and the outgrowth of lateral buds was completely suppressed at the lowest nitrogen level. Root development proved very responsive. The "heterorhizic" pattern of long and short roots of differing growth potential described from field observations was much less evident under the experimental conditions. Long roots were more numerous and were produced at an earlier stage of development than is usual in the field. These differences increased markedly with the nitrogen supply. The number of lateral roots (of both types) per unit length of the parent roots and the number of shoot buds on the root system were both considerably greater at the higher nitrogen levels. The increase in shoot bud production, however, could be largely attributed to associated effects on the size and mode of development of the root system. Regrowth from buds on the roots, induced by shoot removal, was extremely vigorous in the seedlings treated with high nitrogen but was almost completely suppressed at the lowest nitrogen level.

Low-temperature induced floret sterility in the rice cultivars Calrose and Inga as influenced by nitrogen supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
High Nitrogen Level ◽  
Temperature Controlled

An experiment in temperature-controlled glasshouse chambers at Yanco Agricultural Institute examined floret sterility in lnga and Calrose rice induced by low temperature and high nitrogen level. Low temperature (12�C) ,for 4 d during microsporogenesis and anthesis produced considerable sterility in both cultivars; lnga was more sensitive than Calrose. Sensitivity was greatest when florets from the mid-section of the panicle were passing through the early microspore phase of pollen development. At both stages, the amount of low-temperature induced sterility was increased by high nitrogen supply. In the absence of low temperature, high nitrogen levels induced sterility in lnga only.

scholarly journals Role of nitrogen deficiency on growth and development near isogenic by E genes lines of soybean co-inoculated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-334
Author(s):  
A. S. Schogolev ◽  
I. M. Raievska
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Japonicum Strain

Nitrogen deficiency is a limiting factor in increasing efficiency of crop production in terrestrial ecosystems, and the transformation of inert nitrogen to forms that can be assimilated by plants is mediated by soil microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and roots depend on each other and have developed various mechanisms for symbiotic coexistence. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of nitrogen deficiency on growth and development near isogenic by E genes lines of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): short-day (SD) line with genotype Е1е2е3(Е4е5Е7), and photoperiodic insensitive (PPI) line with genotype е1е2е3(Е4е5Е7) grown from seeds inoculated with active strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum against the background of local populations of diazotrophs of the genus Azotobacter spp. and establish how the soybean – Bradyrhizobium symbiosis will develop as the genes of both microsymbionts and macrosymbionts are responsible for the formation of the symbiotic complex. Plants were grown in a vegetation chamber, in sand culture. To assess the quantitative composition of microorganisms in the rhizosphere and rhizoplanes, 6 plants were selected from each soybean line, then separation of the zones of the rhizosphere and rhizoplanes was performed using the method of washing and the resulting suspension was used for inoculation on dense nutrient media (mannitol-yeast agar medium and Ashby medium). The results of study showed that seed inoculation and co-inoculation provides faster formation of the symbiotic soybean – Bradyrhizobium complex. Differences in nodulation rates between the short-day line with genotype Е1е2е3(Е4е5Е7), and a photoperiodic insensitive line with genotype е1е2е3(Е4е5Е7) were identified. Determination of the amount of B. japonicum on the medium of mannitol-yeast agar in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane showed that inoculation by B. japonicum strain 634b caused a significant increase in the amount B. japonicum in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane in both soybean lines, comparison with non-inoculated seeds. Then, co-inoculation by B. japonicum strain 634b + Azotobacter chroococcum significantly increased the amount of B. japonicum only in the rhizoplane and decreased their number in the rhizosphere. Determination of the amount of A. chroococcum on the Ashby elective medium in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane showed that the inoculation by B. japonicum strain 634b caused a significant decrease in the amount of A. chroococcum both in the rhizosphere and in the rhizoplane of the PPI line of soybean, and in the rhizosphere the SD line, in comparison with non-inoculated seeds. That can testify to the competitive interaction of these microorganisms. However, the co-inoculation by B. japonicum strain 634b + A. chroococcum in the SD line significantly increased the number of A. chroococcum in the rhizoplane and decreased their number in the rhizosphere, in the PPI line their number decreased in the rhizoplane and increased in the rhizosphere, in comparison with non-inoculated seeds. Probably, the E genes (their dominant or recessive state) of soybean isogenic lines affect the regulation of the content and distribution of sugars. It was established that the nitrogen deficiency stimulated development of the root system of plants and the synthesized sugars were distributed predominantly to the root system growth. We suppose that the seeds’ inoculation had extended sugar consumption to the symbiont, due to which it compensates the lack of nitrogen, but leads to a slower growth of the root system.

Developmental studies on Euphorbia esula. The influence of the nitrogen supply on the correlative inhibition of root bud activity

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Correlative Inhibition ◽  
Low Nitrogen

When seedlings of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) were grown at a low nitrogen level (10.5 ppm) the growth of the lateral buds on the shoot was completely arrested by apical dominance while the buds on the roots, although also inhibited, showed considerably greater activity. At a higher nitrogen level (210 ppm) apical dominance was markedly reduced but the resulting outgrowth of the lateral buds increased the inhibiting capacity of the shoot, limiting root bud response. When the main shoot was decapitated the degree to which root bud growth was suppressed by a given number of lateral shoots was inversely related to the nitrogen supply. Inhibition of the root buds by the lateral shoots could be significantly reduced by growing the plants initially at a low nitrogen level so that growth of the lateral buds was arrested. A subsequent increase in the nitrogen supply strongly promoted the growth of the roots buds, some of which were sufficiently released from inhibition to emerge as leafy shoots.

Yield and Seed quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as affected by variety, nitrogen level and harvesting time

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Shahnaj Yesmina ◽  
Moushumi Akhtarb ◽  
Belal Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Vigour Index

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of variety, nitrogen level and harvesting time on yield and seed quality of barley. The treatments used in the experiment consisted of two varieties viz. BARI Barley 4 and BARI Barley 5, three harvesting time viz. 35, 40 and 45 Days after Anthesis (DAA) and nitrogen levels viz. 0, 70, 85 and 100 kg N ha-1 . The experiment was laid out in a spilt- spilt-plot design with three replications assigning the variety to the main plot, harvesting time to the sub-plots and nitrogen level to the sub-sub plots. Variety had significant effects on the all yield attributes except fertile seeds spike-1 . Seed quality parameters viz. normal seeds spike-1 , deformed seeds spike-1 , germination (%) and vigour index were statistically significant. The variety BARI Barley 5 produced higher grain yield and seed quality than BARI Barley 4. Grain yield from BARI Barley 5 and BARI Barley 4 were 4.59 t ha-1 and 4.24 t ha-1 , respectively. Significantly, the highest 1000-seed weight (46.90 g) was produced by BARI Barley 5 than (37.90 g) BARI Barley 4. The result revealed that harvesting time had significant effect on yield and yield attributes and seed quality parameters. Seed yield was highest (4.65 t ha-1 ) when the crop harvested at 40 DAA and it was increased linearly from 35 DAA. Maximum quality seed and 1000-seed weight (43.20 g) was obtained when the crop harvested at 40 DAA. All the yields, yield attributes and seed quality parameters were significantly influenced by nitrogen levels. The highest grain yield (5.14 t ha-1 ) was obtained when BARI Barley 5 variety was fertilized by 100 kg N ha-1 and the lowest (3.14 t ha-1 ) was obtained from control treatments. Normal seeds spike-1 , vigour index, germination (%) were better at 85 kg N ha-1 in variety of BARI Barley 5 than BARI Barley 4. So it can be concluded that BARI Barley 5 showed better result when fertilized with 100 kg N ha-1 and harvested at 40 DAA for getting maximum yield and 85 kg N ha-1 and harvested at 40 DAA for getting better quality seed.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

Root System Fibrosity of Sitka Spruce Transplants: Relationship with Root Growth Potential

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. DEANS ◽  
C. LUNDBERG ◽  
M. G. R. CANNELL ◽  
M. B. MURRAY ◽  
L. J. SHEPPARD
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential

Effect of tiller age and time of nitrogen stress on seed production of Paspalum plicatulum

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Chadhokar ◽  
L. R. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Final Maturation

SummaryPaspalum plicatulum was grown at Brisbane in boxes of sand receiving basal nutrients and frequent irrigation; weekly levels of ammonium nitrate application were varied according to growth and development stage.The rate of tiller appearance increased to a maximum 40–50 days after sowing and almost ceased thereafter. Tiller leaf number, survival, fertility, inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were positively related to tiller age. Young tillers were more sensitive to variations in nitrogen supply than old tillers.Adequate nitrogen nutrition during the vegetative phase from sowing to floral initiation (93 days) increased tiller and hence inflorescence density; increased inflorescence branching was compensated by fewer seeds per raceme. Good nitrogen nutrition during the phase from floral initiation to inflorescence exsertion (142 days) increased survival of late-formed tillers and hence inflorescence density; inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were also increased. Nitrogen stress during the final maturation phase did not affect seed yield.

Survival and Growth of Seedlings of Three Sclerophyll Species at High Levels of Phosphorus and Nitrogen

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
K Keraitis
Keyword(s):  
Sand Culture ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Seedlings of Banksia serrata, Acacia suaveolens and Eucalyptus pilularis were grown in sand culture for 3-4 months at four levels of phosphorus (0, 5, 50, and 100 ppm) and three of nitrogen (0, 25 and 250 ppm) applied gradually in all combinations. B.serrata died at high phosphorus-high nitrogen levels, A.suaveolens died with high phosphorus irrespective of the nitrogen level, and E. pilularis did not survive high phosphorus or high nitrogen levels. There were differences between species in their growth responses to increasing levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. Dry weights of seedlings were greatest at P5N25 for B.serrata, at P5N250 for A.suaveolens, and at P5N250 for E.pilularis. Shoot phosphorus concentrations greater than 1% were directly associated with 'toxicity' and death of A.suaveolens seedlings only, and not of the other two species. The species differ in the weights and nutrient contents of their seeds, and this is discussed in relation to the different responses obtained. Growth of sclerophyll species on areas subject to disturbance (e.g. sand-mining) will be determined in large part by the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen applied and the rate at which nutrients are leached from the rooting zone.

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON EUPHORBIA ESULA L.: MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROOT SYSTEM

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. S. Raju ◽  
T. A. Steeves ◽  
R. T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Adverse Conditions

The significance of Euphorbia esula L. as a weed is related to its capacity to persist under adverse conditions and to its mode of reproduction. In both these properties, the root system plays an important role. The root system is initially established by seedlings. The seedling has a vigorous primary root with extensive longitudinal growth and considerable cambial activity. Such a root has been designated a "long" root. By contrast, the first lateral roots produced on the primary root have limited growth and no cambial activity. These roots have been termed "short" roots. Thus, the seedling exhibits a "heterorhizic" pattern. Lateral long roots also arise on the primary root of seedlings but their origin is delayed until cambial activity has begun. Such lateral long roots arise much earlier on seedlings growing in denuded areas than on those growing in areas covered by dense vegetation. The mature root system is described in terms of horizontal and vertical long roots, which make up the conspicuous framework of the system, and of the short roots which they produce. Long roots produce shoot-buds and the origin of these structures is delayed until cambial activity has started. Short roots do not give rise to shoot-buds. Cambial activity in long roots appears to be connected with bud production and its absence in short roots probably underlies their inability to produce buds.L'importance de Euphorbia esula L. comme mauvaise herbe est connexé a son capacité de persister dans les situations hostiles et à sa methode de reproduction. Dans ces deux caractéristiques, le système des racines a une signification profunde. Initialement le système des racines s'établit dans le semis. Le semis a une racine primaire très forte avec beaucoup de croissance longitudinale et avec une activité considérable du cambium. Une racine de cette espèce s'appelle une "longue" racine (long root). Par contre, les premières racines latérales que poussent sur la racine primaire ont croissance limité et aucun activité du cambium. Ces racines s'appellent les "courtes" racines (short roots). De cette façon, le semis montre un dessin "heterorhizique" (heterorhizic). Les longues racines latérales ont aussi leur origine sur la racine primaire du semis, mais l'origine est retardé jusqu'au commencement de l'activité du cambium. Les racines de cette espèce apparaissent beaucoup plus tôt sur les semis qui sont situés en terre sans autre végétation, que sur ceux qui sont situés au milieu des autres plantes. Le système adulte des racines se décrit sous forme des longues racines de l'espèce horizontale et verticale, lesquelles constituent la charpente bien visible du système, et des courtes racines que sont produites par les longues racines. Les longues racines produisent les bourgeons, mais l'origine des bourgeons est retardé jusqu'au commencement de l'activité du cambium dans les racines. Les courtes racines ne produisent pas les bourgeons. Il paraît que l'activité du cambium dans les longues racines soit corrélative avec l'initiation des bourgeons et l'absence du cambium dans les courtes racines explique probablement leur incapacité à produire les bourgeons.

INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR NITROGEN LEVELS ON SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wayne Brewer ◽  
John L. Capinera ◽  
Robert E. Deshon ◽  
Mary L. Walmsley
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Western Spruce Budworm ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
White Fir

AbstractThe influence of nitrogen levels in foliage of white-fir, Abies concolor, and Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, seedlings on various biological characteristics of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was studied. Seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions and provided with nutrient solutions to maintain five foliar nitrogen levels ranging from 1.29 to 4.42% dry weight for white fir and 1.43 to 3.94% for Douglas fir. Larvae confined to treated seedlings were monitored through the next generation. Larval mortality was higher, and development time longer, at both upper and lower extremes of foliar nitrogen than at mid-level. Mean pupal weight was significantly greater for larvae reared on white fir with the mid-range foliar-nitrogen level. Mean number, and weight, of eggs laid were highest when larvae fed on foliage from the mid-range nitrogen level. Total number of larvae produced was lowest at the high and low extremes of foliar nitrogen levels.

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