Vegetation ecology and classification in the Antarctic Zone

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (20) ◽  
pp. 2264-2278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Longton
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
Plant Community Ecology ◽  
Vegetation Water ◽  
The Antarctic

A review is presented of plant community ecology within the Antarctic Botanical Zone. The vegetation is formed largely of mosses, lichens, and algae but hepatics also occur and two native species of flowering plants are locally abundant. A hierarchical classification is outlined in which the vegetation is divided into two formations dominated, respectively, by flowering plants and by cryptogams. The antarctic nonvascular cryptogam tundra formation comprises eight physiognomically distinct subformations, while associations within subformations are recognized on the basis of constancy, and sociations within associations by cover of the dominant species. It is shown that the classification is applicable at a range of climatically diverse localities in the maritime and continental Antarctic regions. The position of the Antarctic communities in relation to worldwide and polar–alpine vegetation classification is briefly discussed.Low summer temperature is suggested as a major factor determining the essentially cryptogamic nature of Antarctic vegetation. Water availability and exposure appear to be of primary importance in controlling the distribution of the cryptogamic growth form types, both within localities in the vegetationally relatively diverse maritime Antarctic, and between the maritime and the more sparsely vegetated continental regions. With certain exceptions, there appear to be few successional relationships between the major vegetation types.

Discussion on the preceding papers

1967 ◽  
Vol 252 (777) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
Coastal Cliffs ◽  
Crustose Lichens ◽  
The Antarctic

J. E. Smith . Dr Longton’s slides of orange patches of Xanthoria lichens on Antarctic cliffs were reminiscent of coastal cliffs in temperate regions. Is this lichen community essentially maritime in the Antarctic? R. E. Longton. The Caloplaca-Xanthoria community certainly resembles the associations of orange crustose lichens of coastal cliffs in temperate regions. It is particularly well developed on coastal cliffs in many places in the Antarctic, but smaller areas occur inland, for example in the Tottanfjella, some 300 km from the sea. There are other parallels between growth form, and indeed in the genera represented, in the cryptogamic vegetation of Antarctic and temperate regions, an example being the associations of lichens and cushion mosses on montane rocks. M. W. Holdgate. To what extent does South Georgia vegetation resemble that of the Maritime Antarctic in the composition and distribution of its cryptogamic communities? To what degree could one describe the plant communities of the former as corresponding to those of the latter, but with the superimposition of a vascular plant element?

Life sciences - Terrestrial ecosystems in the Antarctic

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (963) ◽  
pp. 5-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
South Shetland Islands ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
Mcmurdo Sound ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Very High

The composition of the terrestrial Antarctic flora and fauna and the distribution patterns of a number of species and of the principal vegetation types is now reasonably well established, at least in outline, for the Antarctic Peninsula region and the areas about McMurdo Sound as well as for some areas around the coastal ranges of East Antarctica. Detailed research at Signy Island has provided information concerning the biomass and productivity of certain vegetation types, decomposer organisms, microbivores, and invertebrate herbivores and predators. The main pathways of energy and nutrient within the terrestrial study sites can be regarded as reasonably established. Net annual production locally reaches very high levels (up to 800 g m -2 ). Only a tiny part of this productivity is consumed by herbivores, the greater part passing to the decomposers or persisting as peat. Most of the animals are microbivores, or graze on fungi, and in turn sustain the small number of invertebrate predators. Analysis of the range of habitats even on Signy Island indicates however that the sites for which detailed ecological information is available represent only a part of the range of environmental and ecological variation. The island is in fact characterized by a very high level of within-site diversity, some of it on a very small scale. Similarly, recent research which permits ecological comparisons with the sub-Antarctic islands of South Georgia and Macquarie, and with the McMurdo area, confirms that Signy Island displays only a small part of the very large range of diversity within the Antarctic regions as a whole. It is a reasonably representative sample of the maritime Antarctic zone in the Antarctic Peninsula region where conditions are particularly favourable for terrestrial life. Its ecological features resemble most closely those of the South Shetland Islands (except over permeable volcanic rocks) and the Palmer Archipelago on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Very different plant and animal communities occur over much of the McMurdo Sound region and in the inland ranges of East Antarctica. Some general statements can now be made about the relationships between terrestrial Antarctic eco-systems and climatic, edaphic and historical factors. There is a clearly marked attenuation of the vegetation and fauna and simplification of the ecological systems as one moves towards cold, arid continental conditions. But the biota of the maritime Antarctic and the sub-Antarctic islands is more impoverished than ecological factors alone would indicate, because of the isolation of these land habitats, many of which have only recently been deglaciated. If present environmental conditions persist, a slow increase in the complexity of these ecological systems is to be expected and in some areas, especially the subantarctic islands, this process is being accelerated by human influence.

Phytogeography of Continental Antarctic Lichens

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Seppelt
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Taxonomic Uncertainty ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Lichen Flora

AbstractThe northern and southern polar regions differ substantially in topography, climate, terrestrial habitats and in their biota. The Arctic flora comprises around 900 flowering plants, 600–700 bryophytes and 2000 lichens. The Antarctic flora is depauperate by comparison with only two flowering plants, 100–120 bryophytes, and probably only around 200 lichens. Despite considerable taxonomic uncertainty, broad phytogeographic patterns can be outlined, with species having a Maritime Antarctic, Peninsula and Lesser Antarctic, Circum-Antarctic, and Disjunct distribution pattern. The extent of endemism in the flora is unclear. The origin of the Antarctic lichen flora appears ancient in pan, although there is ample evidence for post-Pleistocene or Holocene colonization and invasion.

scholarly journals Tracking Non-Native Species in the Antarctic Marine Benthic Environment

2012 ◽  
pp. 158-162
Author(s):  
Andrea de Oliveira Ribeiro Junqueira ◽  
Ana Carolina Fortes Bastos ◽  
Bruna Rachel Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Benthic Environment ◽  
The Antarctic

scholarly journals SPESIES TUMBUHAN ASLI, INTRODUKSI DAN INVASIF DI PULAU BARRANGCADDI SULAWESI SELATAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dody Priosambodo ◽  
Khairul Amri ◽  
Mahatma Lanuru
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
South China ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Check List ◽  
Field Guide

Penelitian tentang inventarisasi spesies tumbuhan di pulau Barrangcaddi yang berpenduduk padat telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan asli, tumbuhan introduksi dan tumbuhan invasif di Pulau Barrangcaddi. Kegiatan sampling dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Data diambil dengan mencatat semua spesies tumbuhan yang ditemukan selama penjelajahan di pulau Barrangcaddi. Seluruh sampel di foto. Sampel tumbuhan yang tidak diketahui namanya, di ambil bagian-bagiannya, kemudian dikoleksi dan diidentifikasi di laboratorium Ilmu Lingkungan dan Kelautan, Departemen Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Hasanuddin. Identifikasi sampel menggunakan buku: An Annotated Check-List of The Vascular Plants of The South China Sea and Its Shores oleh Turner et al. (2000) dan Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia oleh Wim Giesen et al. (2007) untuk spesies hutan pantai; Tropical flowering plants: a guide to identification and cultivation oleh Kirsten Albrecht Llamas (2003) untuk spesies tanaman hias dan tanaman budidaya/introduksi serta Nonnative Invasive Plants of Pacific Coast Forest. A Field Guide for Identification oleh Gray et al. (2011) dan Guide to The Naturalized and Invasive Plants of Southeast Asia oleh Arne Witt (2017) untuk spesies tumbuhan invasif. Dari hasil penelitian di pulau Barrangcaddi tercatat sebanyak 142 spesies tumbuhan dari 51 suku. Sebagian besar didominasi oleh tanaman hias dan budidaya (introduksi) dengan 103 spesies dari 42 suku diikuti spesies asli (native species) dengan jumlah 29 spesies dari 19 suku. Spesies invasif tercatat paling sedikit dengan jumlah 10 spesies dari 5 suku. Sebagian besar tutupan vegetasi dari spesies asli telah hilang akibat alih fungsi lahan menjadi permukiman.

Discussion on the papers on life sciences

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (963) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Oceanic Island ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
Polar Environment ◽  
The Antarctic

R . M. Laws Would Dr Holdgate amplify his brief comments on time as a factor? Can we expect these simple ecosystems to become more diverse and complex? M. W. Holdgate These ecosystems may be impoverished for two reasons: the harsh polar environment and the difficulties of colonizing the habitats available across the wide sea barriers of the Southern Ocean. I believe that the Antarctic does present some of the features of an oceanic island in this respect. Probably more species will succeed in invading habitats in the maritime Antarctic as time goes by, assuming that the climate does not deteriorate. Experimental introductions suggest that more vascular plants could probably live in the most favourable places if they could reach them, and I would expect the same to apply to invertebrates.

Detecting Cutleaf Teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) along a Missouri Highway with Hyperspectral Imagery

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego J. Bentivegna ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Cuizhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Hyperspectral Images ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Water Classification ◽  
Management Techniques

AbstractCutleaf teasel is an invasive, biennial plant that poses a significant threat to native species along roadsides in Missouri. Flowering plants, together with understory rosettes, often grow in dense patches. Detection of cutleaf teasel patches and accurate assessment of the infested area can enable targeted management along highways. Few studies have been conducted to identify specific species among a complex of vegetation composition along roadsides. In this study, hyperspectral images (63 bands in visible to near-infrared spectral region) with high spatial resolution (1 m) were analyzed to detect cutleaf teasel in two areas along a 6.44-km (4-mi) section of Interstate I-70 in mid Missouri. The identified classes included cutleaf teasel, bare soil, tree/shrub, grass/other broadleaf plants, and water. Classification of cutleaf teasel reached a user's accuracy of 82 to 84% and a producer's accuracy of 89% in the two sites. The conditional κ value was around 0.9 in both sites. The image-classified cutleaf teasel map provides a practical mechanism for identifying locations and extents of cutleaf teasel infestation so that specific cutleaf teasel management techniques can be implemented.Cutleaf teasel is an exotic weed that infests roadside environments in Missouri. As a growing biennial, the plant develops as a rosette during the first year and bolts during the second. Dense patches contain flowering plants with understory rosettes. The objective of this work was to develop approaches for detecting cutleaf teasel patches with accurate assessment in a complex of species along a roadside. Thus, management of cutleaf teasel could be located at specific sites. Two hyperspectral images (63 bands with 1-m spatial resolution) were analyzed to detect cutleaf teasel along the Interstate Highway I-70 in mid Missouri. Classification of cutleaf teasel reached a user's accuracy of 82 to 84% and a producer's accuracy of 89% at the two sites. The image-classified teasel map provides a practical mechanism for identifying the locations and extents of cutleaf teasel infestation so that specific management techniques can be implemented.

Geochemical evidence for rapid enlargement of a gentoo penguin colony on Barton Peninsula in the maritime Antarctic

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENBIN ZHU ◽  
LIGUANG SUN ◽  
XUEBIN YIN ◽  
ZHOUQING XIE ◽  
XIAODONG LIU
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Gentoo Penguin ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Rapid Enlargement ◽  
Penguin Colony ◽  
Barton Peninsula ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Geochemical Method

Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua is an important component of the Antarctic marine ecosystem. In this paper, we use an indirect approach, a geochemical method combining with 137Cs and 210Pb CRS mode dating, to study the dynamics of the gentoo population and colony on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, in the maritime Antarctic. Five sediment profiles were sampled in the zone between the gentoo penguin colony and tundra vegetation on this peninsula and the sediment sequence and typical elements from penguin guano were analysed. Results showed that the levels for typical elements display a dramatic change at around 5 cm depth, indicating the strong impact of penguin guano. The sediments below 5 cm showed lower concentrations in these elements, suggesting that these sediments had received little impact from penguin guano. By Q-mode factor analysis, a method for decomposing multiple factors, we found that over the past sixty years the gentoo colony showed a rapid enlargement and the tundra vegetation had been destroyed. Possible factors responsible for the enlargement of the penguin colony are tentatively discussed.

Two new Gomphonema species (Bacillariophyta) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
BART VAN DE VIJVER ◽  
KATEŘINA KOPALOVÁ ◽  
RALITSA ZIDAROVA ◽  
J. PATRICK KOCIOLEK
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Maritime Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Region ◽  
Diatom Flora ◽  
Ecological Preferences ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Two new diatom taxa belonging to the genus Gomphonema were recorded during a survey of the Maritime Antarctic freshwater and limno-terrestrial diatom flora: Gomphonema jamesrossense sp. nov. and G.maritimo-antarcticum sp. nov. Detailed light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations are used to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of the two new Gomphonema taxa. Comparisons with similar taxa and the ecological preferences of each species are added. The revision of these species confirmed the endemic nature of the Antarctic diatom flora.

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