Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: quantitative analysis and modelling of (nonsylleptic) order 1 branching in relation to development of the main stem

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1904-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Architectural Models ◽  
Short Shoots

The upper 5 years of crown growth in samples of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (tamarack) saplings from natural populations in the Fredericton, N.B., area provided data to model architectural relationships describing patterns of (nonsylleptic) order 1 branching in relation to development of the main stem. The model was based on relationships between branch extension and height growth, and numbers and positions of order 1 branches. Elevation angles of shoots making up the branches, and conversion of order 1 long shoots to order 1 short shoots were also incorporated. Lengths of current shoots of major order 1 branches tended to decrease with increasing depth in the crown. Similar tendencies occurred among lengths of all current branch extensions within single height-growth increments, but the decreases in length became less regular with increasing age of branch. Because the relationships were complex, alternative approaches to modelling shoot lengths were adopted to enhance understanding of the patterns involved. Deterministic and stochastic elements were used in the overall model to account for significant proportions of morphological variability. Simulations based on the alternatives within the model were realistic in their interpretations of actual sapling crown architecture. Classification of L. laricina according to previously proposed architectural models that qualitatively describe general development was discussed.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: sylleptic branching on the main stem

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1296-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Architectural Model ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Architectural Characteristics

Sylleptic branching occurred on the current (1983) height-growth increment in 44% of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (tamarack) saplings sampled from a natural population near Fredericton, N.B. Although variable, the occurrence and amount of syllepsis tended to increase with parental shoot length. Sylleptic shoots were generally located on the proximal halves of parental shoots. In most cases, the proximally and distally situated sylleptic shoots were somewhat shorter than those in between. The lengths of terminal shoots arising from sylleptic shoots were significantly correlated with parental shoot length, current tree leader length, and location of the branch on its parental shoot. The lengths and elevation angles of terminal extensions from sylleptic shoots tended to be greater than those from nonsylleptic (proleptic) lateral long shoots borne in the same region of the height-growth increment. Architectural characteristics of the extensions resembled those of the more distal proleptic shoots, which develop into major branches. Thus, an additional complement of major lateral branches appeared to be developing where syllepsis occurred. Quantitative relationships depicting sylleptic branching patterns were incorporated into a previous architectural model and simulations of crown architecture which included syllepsis were obtained.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: production and disposition of foliage and their simulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2234-2246 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
First Order ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The Relationship

In saplings of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (tamarack), correlations between projected leaf area (PLA) and architectural variables such as shoot length and shoot age were incorporated into existing simulation models to estimate the distribution of PLA in the crown according to several spatial, temporal, and morphological parameters. After five generations of simulated shoot growth, PLA values ranged from 8.2 m2 for trees with short height growth increments (HGIs) and no syllepsis to 25.5 m2 for those with long HGIs and heavy syllepsis. Although PLA increased, the rate of increase declined over time. In early simulated generations, long-shoot PLA predominated. In the fifth simulated generation, short shoots bore about 75% of the PLA. There was a basipetal increase in PLA by HGI, but the relationship was nonlinear. In trees with syllepsis, sylleptic origin branches on individual HGIs carried more PLA than concomitant proleptic branches for 1 year but thereafter the proportions were reversed. Over successive generations, the contribution of different branch orders to the total PLA shifted from mostly first-order long shoots (including PLA on daughter short-shoot axes) to second-order shoots carrying more than 50% by year 5. Because of the short-shoot contribution, there was considerable PLA in all regions of the crown, although the greatest concentration was in lower regions of midconic zones. Simulated PLA index increased substantially with crown development. Trees with short HGIs had the greatest PLA index and those with long HGIs had the least.

SEASONAL GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG AND SHORT SHOOTS OF TAMARACK

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Johanna Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Food Reserves

Tamarack (Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch) produces long shoots which bear two kinds of needles. Early needles are present in the bud and elongate rapidly after budbreak. Late needles, few of which are present in the bud, elongate later than early needles. Short shoots bear early needles only, and stem length seldom exceeds 1 mm. Seasonal changes in length and weight of needles and stems of both shoot types were measured. In long shoots, 75% of stem elongation, more than 70% of stem weight increment, and 65–70% of late needle elongation occurred after early needles were full-sized. Stem and late needle elongation ceased simultaneously, after which time needle weight decreased and stem weight increased. Early needles probably drew on food reserves while developing, and then themselves contributed to stem and late needle elongation. Final stem weight increase probably used photosynthate from both late and early needles of the current year.Shading of current and last year's needles showed that shoots in which photosynthesis was interrupted in this way produced shorter, lighter-weight stems than did control shoots.

Spatial distribution and morphology of shoots in the variant crown form of Rhododendron reticulatum

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 995-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Lower Depth ◽  
Crown Form

Rhododendron reticulatum D. Don ex G.Don is a common understory shrub in western Japan that exhibits highly plastic crown architecture and occurs in various light environments. I investigated how functional differentiation and spatial distribution of long and short shoots contribute to the plasticity of crown architecture of R. reticulatum. Crown form was derived from the crown depth/width ratio. Crown depth/width ratio was higher in sun-lit crowns. In crowns with higher depth/width ratio, long shoots were distributed in upper positions of the crown. Long shoots grew vertically and horizontally. In crowns with lower depth/width ratio, long shoots were arranged in the outer position of the crown and grew outward. Within neighboring shoots, long shoots had less mass than their paired short shoots. Results suggest that long shoots of R. reticulatum function to expand the crown and to reduce leaf overlap in multilayer crowns, which are found in high-light environments, while both long and short shoots function to minimize leaf overlap in monolayer crowns, which are found in shaded environments. Plasticity of crown architecture by altering shoot position and shoot morphology allows growth under various light environments in the forest understory.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: an analysis of higher order branching

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Architectural Patterns ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Quantitative analysis and simulation modelling of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch branches revealed a complex system of architectural patterns and correlations. Numbers of lateral buds and long shoots were positively correlated with parent-shoot length, but the relationships varied among shoot orders and for sylleptic shoots. For order 2 and sylleptic shoots, numbers of lateral long shoots were also correlated with associated terminal-shoot lengths. Sylleptic shoots produced more lateral long shoots than equivalent proleptic shoots. Lateral long-shoot lengths decreased basipetally and were correlated with terminal-shoot lengths. Lengths of order 2 lateral long shoots also varied independently with crown position. Generally, the degree of apical control decreased and the proportion of short shoots increased with positions of less vigour in the crown. Terminal long-shoot lengths varied with parent-shoot length, location, and to some extent parent-axis leader length. Terminal short-shoot production was associated with shorter parent shoots. Shorter order 2 shoots (<60 mm) and most order 3 shoots produced no lateral long shoots. The net result was that branch structural development ceased in less vigorous crown positions. The spatial disposition of shoots, as defined by elevation and divergence angles, varied with position of origin around and along parent shoots. Although variable, elevation angles decreased and divergence angles increased basipetally.

Allongement et morphologie de pousses annuelles issues de greffe chez le noyer commun, Juglans regia L. cv. Lara (Juglandaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1595-1603
Author(s):  
Sylvie Sabatier ◽  
Daniel Barthélémy ◽  
Isabelle Ducousso ◽  
Eric Germain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Median Part ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Internodes ◽  
Short Shoots

Extension growth, number of internodes of the main stem, and sylleptic branches were recorded weekly during the 1994 growing season on 1-year-old Juglans regia L. cv. Lara scions. Date of sylleptic branch production and branch position on the main stem were also recorded. Two main stem types were distinguished according to their growth pattern: continuous or rhythmic over one growing season. Three sylleptic branch types were distinguished in relation with their growth pattern and morphology: (i) long shoots elongated in two growth flushes that showed a zone of short internodes above the first internode or hypopodium, (ii) long shoots elongated in one flush only with long internodes above the hypopodium, and (iii) short shoots corresponding with the elongated hypopodium only. Each type of sylleptic shoot is generally produced at a different growth period. Main stems developed sylleptic branches when their growth rate was higher than 17 cm/week. On the median part of the main stem, sylleptic long shoots were distributed according to a basipetal gradient of increasing vigour (extension duration, length, and number of internodes). Sylleptic short shoots were generally localized above long shoots.

Growth habits and crown architecture of Betulapubescens Ehrh. of seed and sprout origin

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kauppi ◽  
M. Kiviniitty ◽  
A. Ferm
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Free Growth ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Growth Habits

Patterns of height increment and ramification in Betulapubescens Ehrh. of sprout and seed origin were studied at Kannus (63°53′ N) during the first few growing seasons, 1982–1985, employing trees of various ages (0–15 years). Sprouts developed very much more rapidly than seedlings during the first three seasons, as a consequence of the free growth pattern and associated pronounced growth flushes. Their annual height increment declined somewhat after a few years, however, whereas that of trees of seed origin remained constant or increased slightly. The mode of height growth in birches over 10 years of age appeared to approach the short-duration growth model. Branches of sprouts also grew more than those of seedlings, in the first few growing seasons, with distinct differences in branching pattern visible between the two tree forms, and also between sprouts originating from buds located above and below ground. Young sprouts used practically all buds to form branches and short shoots, giving them a bush-like appearance. In contrast, most axillary buds on seedlings remained dormant and the individuals adopted an arboreal mode of growth at an early stage. The less branched appearance of older trees of seed origin was also due in part to the death of a higher proportion of buds and branches.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: shoot preformation and neoformation and their relationships to shoot vigour

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds

Resting buds from five locations on long shoots in each of six crown positions were compared for 30 Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch saplings. At each locus, bud sizes, numbers of bud scales and preformed leaf primordia (basal and axial for long-shoot buds), and apical widths were positively related to parent-shoot length. Along individual shoots, (i) terminal and lateral long-shoot buds contained fewer basal-leaf primordia than the more proximal short-shoot buds; (ii) terminal buds contained the most bud scales and axial-leaf primordia; and (iii) numbers of bud scales increased, while numbers of axial-leaf primordia generally decreased, basipetally among lateral buds. Comparison of bud leaf content with leaves on elongated shoots by regression showed that numbers of preformed and neoformed leaves increased with shoot length, but numbers of neoformed leaves did so to a greater degree. Internode lengths, numbers of leaves per lateral bud produced, and leaf lengths were greater on neoformed than on preformed shoot segments. Because of their capacity for neoformed growth following preformed growth and because of increases in internode lengths among all axial leaves, shoots from subjacent lateral buds replaced experimentally decapitated tree leaders (terminal buds) in one season, with little or no loss of height growth.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of leaves of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Bednorz
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Geographical Pattern ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Biometric Data ◽  
Sorbus Torminalis ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Population Component ◽  
Short Shoots

This paper presents the results of the study on morphological variability of leaves of a scattered tree species <em>Sorbus torminalis</em> (L.) Crantz) in Poland. The leaves from short- and long shoots were collected from 17 localities widespread within the range of the species in Poland. Leaves were measured according to 15 morphological traits. The biometric data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis in attempt to define variability between local populations. Most of the leaf traits are significantly correlated and are characterised by moderate level of variation. The average among population component of variation was 32.82% and 27.46% for leaves on short- and long shoots, respectively. The differences between sampled populations are significant, but only a weak geographical pattern of this differentiation was detected. Clinal type of variation was ascertained in two traits. Leaf traits which discriminate best the studied populations are also indicated. It was proved that leaves on short shoots differ markedly in shape and size from those of long shoots. Leaves on long shoots are steadier, but morphological trait values are less correlated. The study also confirmed the occurrence of individuals with leaves characteristic for <em>S. torminalis</em> var. perincisa Borbas et Feck and <em>S. torminalis</em> f. <em>mollis</em> Beck in a few Polish populations.

Crown architecture of short-rotation, intensively cultured Populus II. Branch morphology and distribution of leaves within the crown of Populus 'Tristis' as related to biomass production

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Isebrands ◽  
N. D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Branch Morphology

The branch morphology and the distribution of leaves and specific leaf weight were determined within the crown of 5- and 6-year-old Populus 'Tristis No. 1' (P. tristis Fisch. × P. balsamifera L.) trees grown in northern Wisconsin under short-rotation, intensive culture at 1.2- and 0.6-m square spacings, respectively. The relationship of leaf area to aboveground biomass productivity was also evaluated for the same trees. The first-order branches within the trees exhibited acrotony and were predominantly long shoots. No branching higher than third-order was observed. Leaf size and specific leaf weight were greatest on the current terminal shoot and decreased from the upper portion of the crown to the base. When the 6-year-old trees were divided into eight 1-m vertical strata, over 80% of the total number of leaves and total leaf area was in three middle strata (4–7 m), and most of the 1-m strata contained leaf area attached to two or more height growth increments. Leaves attached to branches on a single height growth increment of the 6-year-old trees occurred in up to four 1-m vertical strata. Long shoots comprised 53% of total leaf area in the 5-year-old trees and 66% in the 6-year-old trees, short shoots the remainder. Ninety-five percent of the long shoots in the 6-year-old trees were in the three uppermost vertical strata (5–8 m), and 95% of the short shoots were in the lowermost leaf-containing vertical strata (3–6 m). Long-shoot leaves had higher specific leaf weights than short-shoot leaves attached to branches on the same height growth increment. Leaf-area indices (LAI) were 7.6 and 8.8 m2•m−2 for the 5- and 6-year-old stands, respectively. Leaf area per tree was linearly related to the aboveground biomass of the tree. The linear regression line for the relationship between leaf area and D2H (diameter2 × height) for the 6-year-old trees in the study was statistically different from that of the 5-year-old-trees. The data presented suggest that this relationship may serve as a useful quantitative index of crown closure in poplar stands. The results also suggest some crown morphological criteria useful for selection and breeding of improved poplar trees for short-rotation intensive culture.

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