Skeletal muscle and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semone B. Myrie ◽  
Mark A. Pinder
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Skeletal Abnormalities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
And Function

Skeletal muscle is critical for mobility and many metabolic functions integral to survival and long-term health. Alcohol can affect skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism, which will have immediate and long-term consequences on health. While skeletal muscle abnormalities, including morphological, biochemical, and functional impairments, are well-documented in adults that excessively consume alcohol, there is a scarcity of information about the skeletal muscle in the offspring prenatally exposed to alcohol (“prenatal alcohol exposure”; PAE). This minireview examines the available studies addressing skeletal muscle abnormalities due to PAE. Growth restriction, fetal alcohol myopathy, and abnormalities in the neuromuscular system, which contribute to deficits in locomotion, are some direct, immediate consequences of PAE on skeletal muscle morphology and function. Long-term health consequences of PAE-related skeletal abnormalities include impaired glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle, resulting in glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In general, there is limited information on the morphological, biochemical, and functional features of skeletal abnormalities in PAE offspring. There is a need to understand how PAE affects muscle growth and function at the cellular level during early development to improve the immediate and long-term health of offspring suffering from PAE.

scholarly journals 64 Association between Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures with Spinal Morphology, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. iv13-iv17
Author(s):  
Siew Kuan Chua ◽  
Devinder ◽  
KA Singh ◽  
Bala S Rajaratnam ◽  
Sabarul Afian Mokhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Osteoporotic related fractures (OF) are associated with functional impairments and declined quality of life. Low bone mineral density is one of the main risk factor for OF. However, there is limited information regarding the association of spinal morphology, muscle strength and physical performance with OF. The aim of the study was to examine association between risk of osteoporotic fractures with spinal morphology (thoracolumbar curvature and back extensors muscle strength), muscle strength and physical performance. 105 adults aged 50 years and above (69.3+ 8.5 years) were recruited for this cross-sectional study from a spine orthopaedic clinic. Thoracolumbar curvature, back extensors (BEMS) and handgrip (HGS) muscle strength were measured using an electromagnetic tracking system, a load-cell system and hand-held dynamometer respectively. Physical performance was assessed using Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Participants were categorised for major osteoporotic fracture risk (major OF) with cut-point 10% using fracture risk calculator (FRAX®) with BMD. Student t-test analysis demonstrated that there is a significant (p<0.05) difference between participants with low risk and moderate to high risk of major OF for BEMS, HGS, and SPPB. Adjusted logistic models (forward and backward), showed that lower HGS and physical performance were associated with increased risk of major OF (HGS: OR = 0.18 [95% CI, 0.07–0.48]; SPPB: OR = 0.32[95% CI, 0.13–0.80]). Our study results suggest that declined muscle strength and physical performance is associated with higher risk of OF. It is important to promote optimum muscle strength and physical performance among older adults in the prevention of OF.

Skeletal Muscle Mass Regulation in Critical Illness

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zudin Puthucheary ◽  
Hugh Montgomery ◽  
Nicholas Hart ◽  
Stephen Harridge
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Protein Homeostasis ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
And Function ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition

Muscle is a dynamic, plastic, and malleable tissue that is highly sensitive to mechanical and metabolic signals. Muscle mass is regulated by protein homeostasis, with protein being continually turned over, reflecting a balance between synthesis and breakdown. This chapter discusses the effect of critical illness on skeletal muscle mass, protein homeostasis, and the intracellular signalling driving anabolism and catabolism. The focus will be on the unique challenges to which the skeletal muscle are exposed, such as inflammation, sepsis, sedation, and inadequate nutrition, which, in combination with the disuse signals of immobilization and bed rest, engender dramatic changes in muscle structure and function. The mechanisms regulating muscle loss during critical illness are being unravelled, but many questions remain unanswered. Detailed understanding of these mechanisms will help drive strategies to minimize or prevent intensive care-acquired muscle weakness and the long-term consequences experienced by ICU survivors.

Advanced maternal age and the impact on maternal and offspring cardiovascular health

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. H387-H394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy-Lynn M. Cooke ◽  
Sandra T. Davidge
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Advanced Maternal Age ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
In Utero Environment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Delaying pregnancy, which is on the rise, may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in both women and their children. The physiological mechanisms that lead to these effects are not fully understood but may involve inadequate adaptations of the maternal cardiovascular system to pregnancy. Indeed, there is abundant evidence in the literature that a fetus developing in a suboptimal in utero environment (such as in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and/or preeclampsia) is at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood, the developmental origins of health and disease theory. Although women of advanced age are at a significantly increased risk of pregnancy complications, there is limited information as to whether advanced maternal age constitutes an added stressor on the prenatal environment of the fetus, and whether or not this is secondary to impaired cardiovascular function during pregnancy. This review summarizes the current literature available on the impact of advanced maternal age on cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy and the role of maternal age on long-term health risks for both the mother and offspring.

scholarly journals Clinical impact of sarcopenia assessment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 927-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Marasco ◽  
Matteo Serenari ◽  
Matteo Renzulli ◽  
Luigina Vanessa Alemanni ◽  
Benedetta Rossini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
And Function

Abstract Changes in body composition are associated with poor outcomes in cancer patients including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and function, has been associated with a higher rate of complications and recurrences in patients with cirrhosis and HCC. The assessment of patient general status before HCC treatment, including the presence of sarcopenia, is a key-point for achieving therapy tolerability and to avoid short- and long-term complications leading to poor patients’ survival. Thus, we aimed to review the current literature evaluating the role of sarcopenia assessment related to HCC treatments and to critically provide the clinicians with the most recent and valuable evidence. As a result, sarcopenia can be predictive of poor outcomes in patients undergoing liver resection, transplantation and systemic therapies, offering the chance to clinicians to improve the muscular status of these patients, especially those with high-grade sarcopenia at high risk of mortality. Further studies are needed to clarify the predictive value of sarcopenia in other HCC treatment settings and to evaluate its role as an additional staging tool for identifying the most appropriate treatment. Besides, interventional studies aiming at increasing the skeletal muscle mass for reducing complications and increasing the survival in patients with HCC are needed.

Growing healthy muscles to optimise metabolic health into adult life

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 420-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bayol ◽  
C. R. Bruce ◽  
G. D. Wadley
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
And Function

The importance of skeletal muscle for metabolic health and obesity prevention is gradually gaining recognition. As a result, interventions are being developed to increase or maintain muscle mass and metabolic function in adult and elderly populations. These interventions include exercise, hormonal and nutritional therapies. Nonetheless, growing evidence suggests that maternal malnutrition and obesity during pregnancy and lactation impede skeletal muscle development and growth in the offspring, with long-term functional consequences lasting into adult life. Here we review the role of skeletal muscle in health and obesity, providing an insight into how this tissue develops and discuss evidence that maternal obesity affects its development, growth and function into adult life. Such evidence warrants the need to develop early life interventions to optimise skeletal muscle development and growth in the offspring and thereby maximise metabolic health into adult life.

scholarly journals A Distinctive Approach to Venous Thromboembolism Treatment in a Pediatric, Hemodialysis Patient: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-106
Author(s):  
Jason Koury ◽  
Cintia Schnakenberg ◽  
Charlotte Villasenor ◽  
Shirley Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Renal Insufficiency ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pediatric Hemodialysis

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) that is the mainstay for treatment of pediatric patients with a venous thromboembolism, which provides better compliance compared with the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) in long-term anticoagulation. Although data are limited in pediatric patients with renal insufficiency, enoxaparin can be used in this population. Data related to its use in hemodialysis (HD) pediatric patients is almost non-existent. A major concern for enoxaparin use in patients with renal insufficiency or for those on HD is bleeding. A few studies in adults showed an increased risk of bleeding, but the risk was similar to that of UFH when the two were compared. This case report describes the use of enoxaparin in an 8-year-old female who is on hemodialysis, without any bleeding or clotting complications. Although systematic trials are needed to support the safety and efficacy of LMWH in pediatric patients with renal dysfunction or on HD, this case will provide limited information for enoxaparin use in this population.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fan Wang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Zhenghong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Redox System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stress Fatigue

Oxidative stress is the imbalance of the redox system in the body, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species, leads to multiple cellular damages, and closely relates to some pathological conditions, such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Meanwhile, exercise as an external stimulus of oxidative stress causes the changes of pathophysiological functions in the tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced oxidative stress is considered to have different effects on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Long-term regular or moderate exercise-induced oxidative stress is closely related to the formation of muscle adaptation, while excessive free radicals produced by strenuous or acute exercise can cause muscle oxidative stress fatigue and damage, which impacts exercise capacity and damages the body’s health. The present review systematically summarizes the relationship between exercise-induced oxidative stress and the adaptions, damage, and fatigue in skeletal muscle, in order to clarify the effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle.

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