Incidence of blossom-end rot in elongated tomato fruit

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 663-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Baiochi Riboldi ◽  
Sabrina Helena da Cruz Araújo ◽  
Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Camargo e Castro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Distal Cell

Blossom-end rot (BER) is a physiological disorder that can affect 100% of the fruit crop depending on the genotype. Tomato varieties with elongated fruit usually have a greater susceptibility to BER than other varieties. To evaluate and identify the possible physiological and morphological characteristics related to the onset of BER development, four varieties of long-shape tomato fruit with different susceptibility to BER: ‘San Marzano,’ ‘Banana Legs,’ ‘Roma,’ and ‘Mini-Roma’ were examined. Our results show that ‘San Marzano’ and ‘Banana Legs’ (elongated fruit) had a higher incidence of BER and lower Ca2+ concentration in the distal fruit tissue. ‘San Marzano’ (the most elongated fruit) presented higher electrolyte leakage in the distal fruit tissue. By comparison, ‘Roma’ and ‘Mini-Roma’ (less elongated fruit) were less susceptible to BER and had a higher ratio for proximal/distal fruit Ca2+ and a lower distal cell-wall bound content of Ca2+. Additionally, xylem functionality (vessels transporting water and solutes) in the distal fruit tissue was also higher in these more-tolerant varieties. These results support the theory that total fruit content of Ca2+ is not the only factor determining fruit susceptibility to BER, but rather a balance between physiological and morphological factors that influence Ca2+ transport and allocation in the fruit.

scholarly journals Physical Characteristics of Mature Green and Ripe Tomato Fruit Tissue of Normal and Firm Genotypes

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Relaxation Analysis ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Mutant Lines

Tissue firmness of ripe tomatoes is controlled by cell wall integrity of the fruit tissue and by the enzymatic softening that normally occurs during ripening. This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics of cells and tissues of mature green (MG) and ripe fruit that might account for differences in firmness between `Rutgers' (normal), `Flora-Dade' (Firm), and two mutant lines called high-pigment (T4065 hp) and dark-green (T4099 dg), both of which possess extra firm fruit. Fruit samples were tested for resistance to a force applied to whole fruit and to sections of the pericarp tissue and by stress-relaxation analysis. Determinations were also made of cell density and cell wall content within the pericarp tissue. Fruit of mutant lines had firmer tissue than either `Rutgers' or `Flora-Dade' at MG or ripe. Whole fruit compression measurements showed that T4099 dg was firmer than T4065 hp or `Rutgers' at MG and firmer than `Flora-Dade' and `Rutgers' when ripe. Whole fruit of `Flora-Dade' were significantly firmer than `Rutgers' at MG and ripe. Firmness measured by compressive strength also showed that mutant lines had firmer pericarp tissue than the wild types at both MG and ripe stages. Stress-relaxation analysis showed that MG fruit of T4099 dg had greater tissue elasticity than `Rutgers' or `Flora-Dade'. Ripe fruit of both mutant lines had more tissue elasticity than wild types. There were no apparent differences among the genotypes due to tissue relaxation. From these analyses, tissue elasticity appears to be a significant parameter in determining tissue firmness in the tomato genotypes used in this study. Firmness and textural quality of ripe tomatoes appeared to be dependent on elasticity of the pericarp tissue and on the level of enzymatic softening during ripening.

scholarly journals Exogenous Foliar and Root Applications of Abscisic Acid Increase the Influx of Calcium into Tomato Fruit Tissue and Decrease the Incidence of Blossom-end Rot

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1397-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Casey Barickman ◽  
Dean A. Kopsell ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Blossom End Rot

Plants encounter various environmental stress factors that can potentially impact nutritional requirements and fruit quality. Adequate levels of calcium (Ca) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit have positive effects on fruit quality, specifically firmness. One of the results of insufficient Ca uptake and movement in tomato is the physiological disorder blossom-end rot (BER), which is associated with a Ca deficiency in the distal fruit tissue. Previous research has demonstrated that foliar abscisic acid (ABA) applications decreased the incidence of BER and increased the uptake of Ca into fruit tissue. This study examined how root and foliar spray ABA applications, individually and in combination, affect the partitioning of Ca between the leaves and fruit of tomato plants, especially in the distal tissue, and how ABA affects the incidence of BER in the distal tissue of tomato fruit. ‘Mt. Fresh Plus’ tomato were grown in the greenhouse at 25/20 °C (day/night) under a 16-hour photoperiod. Plants were treated with different Ca concentrations in the fertilizer solution. Plants were also treated with foliar spray ABA applications weekly. Calcium was applied through the irrigation lines at 60, 90, or 180 mg·L−1. ABA treatments were applied as a combination of foliar sprays and root applications. Foliar ABA applications, treatments consisted of deionized (DI) water control (0.0 mg ABA/L) or 500 mg ABA/L. For ABA root applications, treatments consisted of a DI water control (0.0 mg ABA/L) or 50 mg ABA/L applied through the irrigation lines. ABA spray treatments were applied once weekly until dripping from the foliage (tops of pots were covered to prevent spray drip into the pot), whereas root applications were applied four times per day through the irrigation system. Fruit tissues were harvested 84 to 90 days after seeding. Fruit tissue was harvested at red ripe maturity and evaluated for yield, BER, and Ca concentrations. Leaves were harvested at the time of fruit and were analyzed for Ca concentrations. The results indicate that a combination of the spray and root applications of ABA resulted in the greatest decrease in BER. The foliar spray application of ABA combined with the Ca treatment of 180 mg·L−1 decreased the incidence of BER. Results also demonstrate that ABA treatments are effective in increasing fruit Ca and preventing BER in the early stages of plant development but are less effective in preventing Ca deficiency in the later stages of growth.

Cell Wall Ultrastructure in Three Strains of a Cariogenic Streptococcus

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
M. J. Kramer ◽  
Alan L. Coykendall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dna Reassociation ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure

During the almost 50 years since Streptococcus mutans was first suggested as a factor in the etiology of dental caries, a multitude of studies have confirmed the cariogenic potential of this organism. Streptococci have been isolated from human and animal caries on numerous occasions and, with few exceptions, they are not typable by the Lancefield technique but are relatively homogeneous in their biochemical reactions. An analysis of the guanine-cytosine (G-C) composition of the DNA from strains K-1-R, NCTC 10449, and FA-1 by one of us (ALC) revealed significant differences and DNA-DNA reassociation experiments indicated that genetic heterogeneity existed among the three strains. The present electron microscopic study had as its objective the elucidation of any distinguishing morphological characteristics which might further characterize the respective strains.

Chemical Composition, Morphological Characteristics, and Cell Wall Structure of Malaysian Oil Palm Fibers

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. S. Abdul Khalil ◽  
M. Siti Alwani ◽  
R. Ridzuan ◽  
H. Kamarudin ◽  
A. Khairul
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND PLANT POPULATION ON YIELD, FRUIT SPECK AND BLOSSOM-END ROT OF PROCESSING TOMATOES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. TAN ◽  
B. N. DHANVANTARI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Irrigation Effects ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Heinz-2653 and Campbell-28, were grown on Fox loamy sand in the subhumid region of southern Ontario from 1979 to 1982. Irrigation increased the marketable yields of H-2653 in a dry year, 1982, but not in the other years. Irrigation substantially increased marketable yields of C-28 in 1979 and 1982. Irrigation, when the available soil moisture (ASM) level reached 50%, was no more effective than when the ASM level in the soil was allowed to drop to 25%. Without irrigation yield increased as plant population increased in normal and wet years, but not in a dry year. Blossom-end rot (BER) of C-28 cultivar was markedly reduced by irrigation. Effects of irrigation or plant population treatments on the incidence of fruit speck did not appear to be significant.Key words: Available soil moisture, Lycopersicon esculentum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, fruit speck

Ripening and cell wall synthesis in normal and mutant tomato fruit

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1777-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Mitcham ◽  
Kenneth C. Gross ◽  
Timothy J Ng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis

Dimethylarsinic acid is the causal agent inducing rice straighthead disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5631-5644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Tang ◽  
Yijie Wang ◽  
Axiang Gao ◽  
Yuchen Ji ◽  
Baoyun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Methyltransferase Gene ◽  
Oxidative Stress Responses

Abstract Straighthead disease is a physiological disorder in rice with symptoms of sterile spikelets, distorted husks, and erect panicles. Methylated arsenic species have been implicated as the causal agent of the disease, but direct evidence is lacking. Here, we investigated whether dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) causes straighthead disease and its effect on the transcriptome of young panicles. DMA addition caused typical straighthead symptoms in hydroponic culture, which were alleviated by silicon addition. DMA addition to soil at the tillering to flowering stages induced straighthead disease. Transgenic rice expressing a bacterial arsenite methyltransferase gene gained the ability to methylate arsenic to mainly DMA, with the consequence of inducing straighthead disease. Field surveys showed that seed setting rate decreased with increasing DMA concentration in the husk, with an EC50 of 0.18 mg kg−1. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 364 and 856 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the young panicles of DMA-treated plants compared with control, whereas Si addition markedly reduced the number of genes affected. Among the differentially expressed genes, genes related to cell wall modification and oxidative stress responses were the most prominent, suggesting that cell wall metabolism is a sensitive target of DMA toxicity and silicon protects against this toxicity.

scholarly journals Modification of Expansin Protein Abundance in Tomato Fruit Alters Softening and Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism during Ripening

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2203-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Brummell ◽  
Mark H. Harpster ◽  
Pedro M. Civello ◽  
Joseph M. Palys ◽  
Alan B. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Cell Wall Polymer
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