Traffic conflict techniques for road safety analysis: open questions and some insights

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Zheng ◽  
Karim Ismail ◽  
Xianghai Meng
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Traffic Conflict ◽  
Surrogate Measures

Developing non-crash or surrogate measures of road safety has drawn considerable research interest over the past five decades. Traffic conflict techniques, which analyze the safety situations from the aspect of more observable traffic events than crashes, are the most prominent techniques to date. This study provides a comprehensive review of previous research on traffic conflict techniques, striving to find answers to the following open questions: What is a traffic conflict? How to collect the traffic conflict data? And what is the ground to claim that traffic conflicts can be valid surrogates for crashes? The strengths and weaknesses of available answers to these questions are assessed based on methodological and empirical grounds. Directions for the future research are identified and outlined. It is believed that following recommended future directions may offer convincing answers to identified open questions.

scholarly journals Attachment and relationships: Milestones and future directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffry A. Simpson ◽  
W. Steven Rholes
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Adult attachment researchers have made important strides during the past 25 years in testing and applying attachment theory to multiple personal and interpersonal domains. We highlight some of the major milestones and then propose several directions for future research. Some of the most important and promising directions include testing additional normative processes implied by attachment theory, developing and testing critical connections between attachment theory and other major interpersonal theories, and identifying pathways between attachment processes and long-term health outcomes.

Implicit? What Do You Mean? A Comprehensive Review of the Delusive Implicitness Construct in Attitude Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Corneille ◽  
Mandy Hütter
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Attitude Research ◽  
Two Hybrid

This article provides a comprehensive review of divergent conceptualizations of the “implicit” construct that have emerged in attitude research over the past two decades. In doing so, our goal is to raise awareness of the harmful consequences of conceptual ambiguities associated with this terminology. We identify three main conceptualizations of the “implicitness” construct: the procedural conceptualization (implicit-as-indirect), the functional conceptualization (implicit-as-automatic), and the mental theory conceptualization (implicit-as-associative), as well as two hybrid conceptualizations (implicit-as-indirect-and-automatic, implicit-as-driven-by-affective-gut-reactions). We discuss critical limitations associated with each conceptualization and explain that confusion also arises from their coexistence. We recommend discontinuing the usage of the “implicit” terminology in attitude research and research inspired by it. We offer terminological alternatives aimed at increasing both the precision of theorization and the practical value of future research.

Two Decades of Behavioral Research on Analytical Procedures: What Have We Learned?

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Messier ◽  
Chad A. Simon ◽  
Jason L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Behavioral Research ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
External Auditors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Corroborative Evidence

SUMMARY This paper presents a comprehensive review of behavioral research on external auditors' use of analytical procedures published over the past two decades. We frame our review around four phases of the analytical procedures process: develop an expectation, establish a tolerable difference, compare the expectation to the recorded amount and investigate significant differences, and evaluate explanations and corroborative evidence. We find that while considerable research has focused on auditors' performance of the latter phases of the analytical procedures process (i.e., investigate significant differences and evaluate explanations and evidence), relatively less research has focused on the initial phases of the process (i.e., setting expectations and establishing thresholds). We also find that prior research has primarily focused on the preliminary and substantive analytical procedure settings with little research examining auditors' judgments and decisions when using analytical procedures at the overall review stage of the audit engagement. Finally, we summarize the significant findings from research in each phase and provide a number of research questions whose answers could improve our understanding and the performance of analytical procedures. Data Availability: All articles are publicly available.

Unemployment, Underemployment, Occupational Stress and Psychological Well-Being

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Winefield
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Future Research Directions

Research on unemployment, underemployment and organisational stress have become major social issues over the past 20 years and have attracted considerable research interest on the part of organisational psychologists both in Australia and overseas. Globalisation has led to restructuring and downsizing in many industrialised societies and a shift, for many workers, from the prospect of secure, long-term employment, to unemployment or inadequate or insecure employment. This paper reviews the research on these topics, discusses their theoretical implications and suggests future research directions.

scholarly journals Road safety assessment in preferential bus lanes through field analysis and microsimulation of traffic conflicts

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián Darío Julián Otero-Niño ◽  
Juan David Heredia-Castiblanco ◽  
Paula Daniela Fonseca-Agudelo ◽  
Sebastián Cabrera-Pinzón ◽  
Alejandro Gómez-Mosquera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Stopping Time ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Traffic Conflict ◽  
Field Information ◽  
The One

Preferential bus lanes are a widely use strategy to promote travelers to use public transport instead of private cars. Considering its relevance in the urban transportation planning and operation, it is crucial to evaluate them in terms of the operation and safety externality. We performed a road safety assessment in preferential public transport lanes with complex driving environment using a preventive approach on the 7 th Avenue, in Bogota (Colombia), between 39 th Street and 45 th Street. A detailed study of traffic conflicts was carried out under the guidelines of the Swedish technique, which uses the Time to accident and Conflicting speed to establish the severity of a conflict. A traffic conflict is defined as an incident where, if two road users on collision course maintain their speed and trajectory constant, the crash between them will be imminent. With the field information, we calibrated a VISSIM microsimulation model that correctly replicates its traffic operation. Using the SSAM tool, we validated the base model to identify the simulated traffic conflicts in VISSIM and compared them with the observed conflicts. Under the calibrated environment, we developed and assessed three different scenarios of countermeasures to reduce the number of conflicts observed. As a result, we found that the safest scenario is the one established in the regulations that normalize the operation in preferential lanes, currently not obeyed by most users. Based on our results, we recommend an adjustment in the normative measures, including regulating the stopping time and stopping zones of private vehicles and taxis.

Motor development in infants and children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Libertus
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Motor development has been relatively neglected in Developmental Psychology over the past 30 years. A recent renaissance of interest in this domain provides new insights into the dynamic nature of motor development with large individual differences, the myriad of factors influencing motor skill learning, and the long-lasting and important implications of motor activity for cognition, language, and even academic achievement. These behavioral and observational findings raise new questions that need to be addressed by future research. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience is uniquely positioned to answer open questions about motor development and to contribute to our understanding of the processes underlying the variability, malleability, and generality of motor development. This chapter summarizes select current findings and hopes to stimulate future research using Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience methods.

scholarly journals Undefined lands: A review of their role as an underexplored resource of landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Maryam Naghibi ◽  
Mohsen Faizi ◽  
Ahmad Ekhlassi
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vacant Land ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Landscape Research ◽  
Definition Of

Landscape areas have spatial discontinuities, such as vacant land and leftover spaces. Undefined lands present a compelling area for landscape research, aesthetical experience, and development of cities which discuss irregular and unexpected aspects in landscape settings. Having lacked a formal definition of undefined land, this study aims at proposing keywords of undefined lands, a comprehensive review of knowledge, and definition. In order to promote new aspects of such spaces in the future research, the study conducts a systematic analysis of 65 peer-reviewed papers for their temporal trends, locations, methods, key authors, and commonly studied aspects. Results show the production of vacancy and the temporary use of undefined lands as an opportunity, and a flexible method of regeneration. An increase in publications over the past 30 years demonstrates that leftover space is an evolving subject. Although socio-ecological aspects are the most effective, serious gaps are mentioned in the literature considering aesthetical and ecological qualities in leftover spaces formed by visual, sensorial (hearing, touch, smell, taste), and cognitive perception. These gaps in the literature suggest that it is important to understand the potential effects of repurposing citizen's ideas about interventions in which to use leftover spaces. Having identified the knowledge gaps, undefined lands are suggested as a significant sub-discipline in landscape research.

Oxford Textbook of Rheumatoid Arthritis

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Drug Treatments

This new textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific and clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Split into eight sections—history, diagnosis, and epidemiology; pathogenesis; clinical presentation; disease assessment; impact on life; non-drug treatments; drug treatments; and management and outcomes—it collects the contemporary ideas about RA and explains the revolutionary changes that have taken place over the past two decades, and indicates areas of future research. Witten by leading clinicians and scientists in the field, each chapter gives a detailed background, key recent advances, areas of doubt, and future directions of research.

scholarly journals The next decade of clinical trials in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1102) ◽  
pp. 20181031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Peng ◽  
Jin-Qi Liu ◽  
Yu-Pei Chen ◽  
Jun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epstein Barr

Clinical trials are powerful weapons in the battle against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Based on clinical trials conducted in the past two decades, concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy or induction chemotherapy has been recommended as the standard treatment for locoregionally advanced NPC in various guidelines. However, there remain shortcomings concerning current treatment modalities that should be refined in future research. In this article, we review the achievements of published clinical trials for locoregionally advanced NPC and propose future directions for subsequent clinical trials. We believe that refinement of current regimens of chemotherapy, de-intensification of treatment for specific groups of patients, developing personalized treatment based on predictors ( e.g. applying plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA) and investigating novel therapies, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, should be applied with the highest priority when designing clinical trials for locoregionally advanced NPC in the next decade.

scholarly journals Understanding and interpreting the effects of prior cognitive exertion on self-regulation of sport and exercise performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Graham ◽  
Denver M. Y. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Over the past decade there has been considerable research into the effects of prior cognitive exertion on subsequent self-regulation of sport and exercise performance. In this chapter we provide an overview of how this body of literature has developed amongst two parallel, yet separate perspectives - self-control and mental fatigue – and where it currently stands. The prominent theories in the field are discussed and areas that warrant further investigation moving forward are highlighted. This includes discussion of factors known to mediate and moderate this relationship, and future directions that will help us elucidate underlying mechanisms.

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