scholarly journals Using a multiple variogram approach to improve the accuracy of subsurface geological models

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 786-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey MacCormack ◽  
Emmanuelle Arnaud ◽  
Beth L. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Model Domain ◽  
Geological Models ◽  
Source Water Protection ◽  
Data Points

Subsurface geological models are often used to visualize and analyze the nature, geometry, and variability of geologic and hydrogeologic units in the context of groundwater resource studies. The development of three-dimensional (3D) subsurface geological models covering increasingly larger model domains has steadily increased in recent years, in step with the rapid development of computing technology and software, and the increasing need to understand and manage groundwater resources at the regional scale. The models are then used by decision makers to guide activities and policies related to source water protection, well field development, and industrial or agricultural water use. It is important to ensure that the modelling techniques and procedures are able to accurately delineate and characterize the heterogeneity of the various geological environments included within the regional model domain. The purpose of this study is to examine if 3D stratigraphic models covering complex Quaternary deposits can be improved by splitting the regional model into multiple submodels based on the degree of variability observed between surrounding data points and informed by expert geological knowledge of the geological–depositional framework. This is demonstrated using subsurface data from the Paris Moraine area near Guelph in southern Ontario. The variogram models produced for each submodel region were able to better characterize the data variability, resulting in a more geologically realistic interpolation of the entire model domain as demonstrated by the comparison of the model output with preexisting maps of surficial geology and bedrock topography as well as depositional models for these complex glacial environments. Importantly, comparison between model outputs reveals significant differences in the resulting subsurface stratigraphy, complexity, and variability, which would in turn impact groundwater flow model predictions.

scholarly journals From local to regional 3D litho-structural modelling: a methodology towards multi-scale landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Guillen ◽  
Séverine Caritg ◽  
Pierre Bourbon ◽  
Thomas Dewez ◽  
Clara Lévy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Geological Models ◽  
3D Information ◽  
Basque Coast

<p>A 3D litho-structural model synthetizes a geological setting by defining 3D geometries of lithological layers considering stratigraphic relationships, weathering and tectonics. It combines quantitative and qualitative data from different dimensions and acquisition types (field measures and observations, geophysics, boreholes, DEM) into a single structured database. This aesthetic 3D representation enables to work on the same object, despite different sources of datasets, making it a highly useful integrative tool for various ways to monitor and analyze landslides prone areas.</p><p>This type of model is used on site scale for large phenomena, for a better understanding of their internal structure and to extract information to be included for failure numerical modelling. However, there are a very few examples of 3D geological models used for large areas subject to spatially limited events. Indeed, the transition from 2D to 3D information remains difficult, especially in case of sparse input data, reinforcing 3D interpretation uncertainties and decreasing the robustness of the model. Thus, most of regional scale geological 3D models used for landslides analyses are simplified and the different lithological layers used for susceptibility and hazard assessments suffer from uncertainties difficult to quantify.</p><p>The aim of this contribution is to show how two local scale 3D geological models can contribute and improve the robustness of a regional 3D geological model for the purpose of landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment. The local and regional 3D geological models integrate different data types of uneven quality by successive iterations, to interpret structural and lithological layers geometries with GeoModeller. This software is based on cokriging calculation method of orientation and location of geological interfaces and faults. The regional model will be compared to the local 3D models results, as references to assess regional model uncertainties. This iterative process enables to improve each 3D model with different data sets from one scale to another. Still, models results must be confirmed by field validation to reduce uncertainties as much as possible.</p><p>This study focuses on the 40 km long French Basque coast in the southwest of France, which presents complex faulting and geological heterogeneities inherited from the Pyrenean orogeny – these are relatively well mapped along the shore. Both of the local sites are different and characteristic of regional coastal geomorphological types and of specific lithological formations. These are made of flyschs, limestones and marls, the top of which are more or less weathered and capped by Quaternary detritic formations of variable thickness. This coast is subject to various types of shallow and moderately deep instabilities (slides, rockfalls and flows). By defining the geometry of lithology and faults, the 3D models results will enable to:</p><ul><li>Characterize how lithology and structures, as predisposition factors, influence landslides susceptibility to specific landslide types,</li> <li>Integrate lithological layers and structural discontinuities to physical-based models to assess landslide susceptibility and hazard on regional (1 : 25,000) and on local (1 : 2,500) scales,</li> <li>Improve the geological knowledge of the French Basque coast.</li> </ul>

scholarly journals Development of Data Integration and Sharing for Geotechnical Engineering Information Modeling Based on IFC

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jiaming Wu ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Guoliang Chen ◽  
Zhe Wu ◽  
Yu Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geotechnical Engineering ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Geological Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Open Standard ◽  
Engineering Information

With the rapid development of infrastructure construction, geotechnical engineering has always been worthy of attention due to its complexity and diversity. Accelerating the informatization of geotechnical engineering will contribute to the project management, but the information contained in geotechnical engineering cannot be well integrated because of the lack of unified data standards. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been considered as an effective technology to manage information, and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) in BIM serves as a neutral and open standard for the exchange of information. However, it was found that BIM cannot express the information of some structure objects and geological objects well during the construction process of geotechnical engineering. Combined with the characteristics of geotechnical engineering, taking advantage of the good extensibility of IFC, this paper proposes a “Built-In Generation Schema” for geotechnical structure models and a “Plug-In Extension Schema” for three-dimensional (3D) geological models, ultimately forming the basic data system of geotechnical engineering information models based on IFC. Applying extended IFC to the modeling process, the BIM-based modeling method of geotechnical models is proposed. In addition, an IFC-based platform is developed to integrate geological models and structure models for further displaying and analyzing of geotechnical engineering models. The work in this paper provides a feasible way and technical support for promoting the integration and sharing of geotechnical engineering information and enhancing the multiprofessional collaborative work.

scholarly journals 3D Perception of Maximum Density Zone on Ramachandran Plots for Zika Virus Protein Structures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayukh Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Parama Bhaumik
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Virus Protein ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Ramachandran Plots

AbstractThe Ramachandran plot is among the most central concepts in structural biology which uses torsion angles to describe polypeptide and protein conformation. To help visualize the features of high-fidelity Ramachandran plots, it is helpful to look beyond the common two-dimensional psi-phi-plot, which for a large dataset does not serve very well to convey the true nature of the distribution. In particular, when a large subset of the observations is found very narrowly distributed within one small region, this is not well seen in the simple plot because the data points congest one another. Zika Virus (ZIKV) protein databank has been chosen as specimen for analysis. This is because the structure, tropism, and pathogenesis of ZIKV are largely unknown and are the focus of current investigations in an effort to address the need for rapid development of vaccines and therapeutics. After a brief survey on Zika Virus, it is shown that when a dense dataset of ZIKV protein databank is passed through a colour-coded scaled algorithm, a three dimensional plot gets generated which gives a much more compelling impression of the proportions of residues in the different parts of the protein rather than representing it in a normal two dimensional psi-phi plot.

Geothermal exploration of Paleozoic formations in Central Alberta

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Weides ◽  
Inga Moeck ◽  
Jacek Majorowicz ◽  
Dan Palombi ◽  
Matthias Grobe
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Geothermal Reservoirs ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
3D Geological Model ◽  
Alberta Basin

This study explores the distribution of Paleozoic formations in the Central Alberta Basin and investigates rock properties with regard to their usability as geothermal reservoirs. The study area of this regional-scale investigation is about 160 km × 200 km in size and located around Edmonton where the basin depth ranges between 1.8 and 3.5 km. A three-dimensional (3D) geological model was developed based on stratigraphic tops from about 7000 wells from the database of the Alberta Geological Survey (AGS). Spatial distribution and thickness of deep formations were established in the 3D geological model. Porosity and permeability of four Devonian carbonate formations — Cooking Lake, Leduc, and Nisku formations, and Wabamun Group — were investigated using data from more than 50 000 core analyses. Average porosity of the Devonian strata in the study area ranges from 4.5% (Nisku) to 8.7% (Wabamun), average permeability is between 3.5 × 10−15 m2 (Wabamun) and 26 × 10−15 m2 (Leduc). The distribution of both parameters was analyzed using geostatistical methods. Based on an average geothermal gradient and the geometry of formations from the 3D modeling study, an estimation of formation temperatures for the Paleozoic formations is presented. Temperature in the Cambrian Basal Sandstone Unit ranges from 62 °C in the shallower northeast (1.8 km) to 122 °C in the deeper southwest (3.5 km); temperature in the Devonian strata ranges from 22 to 87 °C. With these new results, potential geothermal reservoirs can be delineated in the Alberta Basin around Edmonton, enabling future detailed exploration and field development.

Investigation of the Static Behavior and Failure Mechanisms of a 3D Printed Bio-Based Sandwich with Auxetic Core

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 2050051
Author(s):  
Khawla Essassi ◽  
Jean-Luc Rebiere ◽  
Abderrahim El Mahi ◽  
Mohamed Amine Ben Souf ◽  
Anas Bouguecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Shear Stiffness ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Static Behavior ◽  
Flax Fibers ◽  
Data Points ◽  
3D Printed

In this research contribution, the static behavior and failure mechanisms are developed for a three-dimensional (3D) printed dogbone, auxetic structure and sandwich composite using acoustic emissions (AEs). The skins, core and whole sandwich are manufactured using the same bio-based material which is polylactic acid reinforced with micro-flax fibers. Tensile tests are conducted on the skins and the core while bending tests are conducted on the sandwich composite. Those tests are carried out on four different auxetic densities in order to investigate their effect on the mechanical and damage properties of the materials. To monitor the invisible damage and damage propagation, a highly sensitive AE testing method is used. It is found that the sandwich with high core density displays advanced mechanical properties in terms of bending stiffness, shear stiffness, facing bending stress and core shear stress. In addition, the AE data points during testing present an amplitude range of 40–85[Formula: see text]dB that characterizes visible and invisible damage up to failure.

Current RNA-based Therapeutics in Clinical Trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Yan Zhou ◽  
Zhou Qin ◽  
Yang-Hui Zhu ◽  
Zhi-Yao He ◽  
Ting Xu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Rna Modifications ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
Endogenous Genes

Long-term research on various types of RNAs has led to further understanding of diverse mechanisms, which eventually resulted in the rapid development of RNA-based therapeutics as powerful tools in clinical disease treatment. Some of the developing RNA drugs obey the antisense mechanisms including antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, small activating RNAs, and ribozymes. These types of RNAs could be utilized to inhibit/activate gene expression or change splicing to provide functional proteins. In the meantime, some others based on different mechanisms like modified messenger RNAs could replace the dysfunctional endogenous genes to manage some genetic diseases, and aptamers with special three-dimensional structures could bind to specific targets in a high-affinity manner. In addition, the recent most popular CRISPR-Cas technology, consisting of a crucial single guide RNA, could edit DNA directly to generate therapeutic effects. The desired results from recent clinical trials indicated the great potential of RNA-based drugs in the treatment of various diseases, but further studies on improving delivery materials and RNA modifications are required for the novel RNA-based drugs to translate to the clinic. This review focused on the advances and clinical studies of current RNA-based therapeutics, analyzed their challenges and prospects.

scholarly journals Two view NURBS reconstruction based on GACO model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Saini ◽  
Sanoj Kumar ◽  
Manoj K. Singh ◽  
Musrrat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Nurbs Curve ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms

AbstractThe key job here in the presented work is to investigate the performance of Generalized Ant Colony Optimizer (GACO) model in order to evolve the shape of three dimensional free-form Non Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curve using stereo (two) views. GACO model is a blend of two well known meta-heuristic optimization algorithms known as Simple Ant Colony and Global Ant Colony Optimization algorithms. Basically, the work talks about the solution of NURBS-fitting based reconstruction process. Therefore, GACO model is used to optimize the NURBS parameters (control points and weights) by minimizing the weighted least-square errors between the data points and the fitted NURBS curve. The algorithm is applied by first assuming some pre-fixed values of NURBS parameters. The experiments clearly show that the optimization procedure is a better option in a case where good initial locations of parameters are selected. A detailed experimental analysis is given in support of our algorithm. The implemented error analysis shows that the proposed methodology perform better as compared to the conventional methods.

scholarly journals Virtual Archaeology of Death and Burial: A Procedure for Integrating 3D Visualization and Analysis in Archaeothanatology

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-555
Author(s):  
Hayley L. Mickleburgh ◽  
Liv Nilsson Stutz ◽  
Harry Fokkens
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Archaeology Of Death ◽  
Human Burials ◽  
3D Information

Abstract The reconstruction of past mortuary rituals and practices increasingly incorporates analysis of the taphonomic history of the grave and buried body, using the framework provided by archaeothanatology. Archaeothanatological analysis relies on interpretation of the three-dimensional (3D) relationship of bones within the grave and traditionally depends on elaborate written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) images of the remains during excavation to capture this spatial information. With the rapid development of inexpensive 3D tools, digital replicas (3D models) are now commonly available to preserve 3D information on human burials during excavation. A procedure developed using a test case to enhance archaeothanatological analysis and improve post-excavation analysis of human burials is described. Beyond preservation of static spatial information, 3D visualization techniques can be used in archaeothanatology to reconstruct the spatial displacement of bones over time, from deposition of the body to excavation of the skeletonized remains. The purpose of the procedure is to produce 3D simulations to visualize and test archaeothanatological hypotheses, thereby augmenting traditional archaeothanatological analysis. We illustrate our approach with the reconstruction of mortuary practices and burial taphonomy of a Bell Beaker burial from the site of Oostwoud-Tuithoorn, West-Frisia, the Netherlands. This case study was selected as the test case because of its relatively complete context information. The test case shows the potential for application of the procedure to older 2D field documentation, even when the amount and detail of documentation is less than ideal.

Recent developments in fabricating drag reduction surfaces covering biological sharkskin morphology

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuehao Luo ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Wen Song
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Uv Curable ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Energy Shortage

AbstractWith the rapid development of science and technology, increasing research interests have been focused on environment protection, global warming, and energy shortage. At present, reducing friction force as much as possible has developed into an urgent issue. Sharkskin effect has the potential ability to lower viscous drag on the fluid-solid interface in turbulence, and therefore, how to fabricate bio-inspired sharkskin surfaces is progressively becoming the hot topic. In this review, various methods of fabricating drag reduction surfaces covering biological sharkskin morphology are illustrated and discussed systematically, mainly involving direct bio-replicated, synthetic fabricating, bio/micro-rolling, enlarged solvent-swelling, drag reduction additive low-releasing, trans-scale enlarged three-dimensional fabricating, flexible printing, large-proportional shrunken bio-replicating, ultraviolet (UV) curable painting, and stretching deformed methods. The overview has the potential benefits in better acquainting with the recent research status of fabricating sharkskin surfaces covering the biological morphology.

Constructing Three-dimensional Nano-crystalline Diamond Network within Polymer Composites for Enhanced Thermal Conductivity

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoyang Xiong ◽  
Yue Qin ◽  
Linhong Li ◽  
Guoyong Yang ◽  
Maohua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Transport ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
Enhanced Thermal Conductivity

In order to meet the requirement of thermal performance with the rapid development of high-performance electronic devices, constructing a three-dimensional thermal transport skeleton is an effective method for enhancing thermal...

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