Archaeal ammonia oxidizers respond to soil factors at smaller spatial scales than the overall archaeal community does in a high Arctic polar oasis

Archaea are ubiquitous and highly abundant in Arctic soils. Because of their oligotrophic nature, archaea play an important role in biogeochemical processes in nutrient-limited Arctic soils. With the existing knowledge of high archaeal abundance and functional potential in Arctic soils, this study employed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) profiling and geostatistical analysis to explore spatial dependency and edaphic determinants of the overall archaeal (ARC) and ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) communities in a high Arctic polar oasis soil. ARC communities were spatially dependent at the 2–5 m scale (P < 0.05), whereas AOA communities were dependent at the ∼1 m scale (P < 0.0001). Soil moisture, pH, and total carbon content were key edaphic factors driving both the ARC and AOA community structure. However, AOA evenness had simultaneous correlations with dissolved organic nitrogen and mineral nitrogen, indicating a possible niche differentiation for AOA in which dry mineral and wet organic soil microsites support different AOA genotypes. Richness, evenness, and diversity indices of both ARC and AOA communities showed high spatial dependency along the landscape and resembled scaling of edaphic factors. The spatial link between archaeal community structure and soil resources found in this study has implications for predictive understanding of archaea-driven processes in polar oases.

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Soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition along altitudinal gradients in the High Arctic (Billefjorden, Svalbard)

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-15-1879-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1879-1894 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Petr Kotas ◽

Hana Šantrůčková ◽

Josef Elster ◽

Eva Kaštovská

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Microbial Biomass ◽

High Arctic ◽

The Arctic ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Environmental Controls ◽

Arctic Soils ◽

Tundra Ecosystem

Abstract. The unique and fragile High Arctic ecosystems are vulnerable to global climate warming. The elucidation of factors driving microbial distribution and activity in arctic soils is essential for a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem functioning and its response to environmental change. The goals of this study were to investigate microbial biomass and activity, microbial community structure (MCS), and their environmental controls in soils along three elevational transects in the coastal mountains of Billefjorden, central Svalbard. Soils from four different altitudes (25, 275, 525 and 765 m above sea level) were analyzed for a suite of characteristics including temperature regimes, organic matter content, base cation availability, moisture, pH, potential respiration, and microbial biomass and community structure using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). We observed significant spatial heterogeneity of edaphic properties among transects, resulting in transect-specific effects of altitude on most soil parameters. We did not observe any clear elevation pattern in microbial biomass, and microbial activity revealed contrasting elevational patterns between transects. We found relatively large horizontal variability in MCS (i.e., between sites of corresponding elevation in different transects), mainly due to differences in the composition of bacterial PLFAs, but also a systematic altitudinal shift in MCS related to different habitat preferences of fungi and bacteria, which resulted in high fungi-to-bacteria ratios at the most elevated sites. The biological soil crusts on these most elevated, unvegetated sites can host microbial assemblages of a size and activity comparable to those of the arctic tundra ecosystem. The key environmental factors determining horizontal and vertical changes in soil microbial properties were soil pH, organic carbon content, soil moisture and Mg2+ availability.

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Simpanan Karbon pada Ekosistem Padang Lamun di Perairan Jepara

Journal of Marine Research ◽

10.14710/jmr.v9i2.25284 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 99-108

Author(s):

Raka Pramulo Sophianto ◽

Hadi Endrawati ◽

Retno Hartati

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Seagrass Beds ◽

Total Carbon Content ◽

Seagrass Community ◽

Seagrass Biomass ◽

The Difference ◽

Biology Laboratory ◽

Descriptive Method

Padang lamun merupakan ekosistem yang kompleks dan produktif di ekosistem laut dan pesisir serta salah satu peran utama lamun adalah sebagai penyimpan karbon dengan karakteristik uniknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis lamun, mengetahui struktur komunitas lamun, nilai biomassa dan nilai karbon lamun. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober dan November 2017 di Teluk Awur dan Pantai Bendengan Jepara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada dua tempat masing-masing lima stasiun. Sampel yang diambil adalah lamun, sedimen dan air laut yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian yang kemudian di identifikasi serta dianalisis di Laboratorium Biologi, Departemen Ilmu Kelautan, dan analisis pengabuan lamun dilakukan pada di Laboratorium Geologi, Departemen Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Diponegoro. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai total biomassa lamun yang didapat di kedua lokasi dari sampling pertama yaitu 982,77 gbk/m2 dan sampling kedua yaitu 923,91 gbk/m2. Total kandungan karbon pada sampling pertama berkisar antara 511,76 – 3662,26 gC/m2 dan total karbon pada sampling kedua berkisar antara 141,48 – 3344,2 gC/m2. Perbedaan hasil yang di dapat menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan iklim dapat berpengaruh terhadap hasil yang didapatkan. Seagrass beds are complex and productive ecosystems in marine and coastal ecosystems and one of the main roles of seagrasses is storing carbon with its unique characteristics. This study aims to determine the types of seagrasses, find out the seagrass community structure, biomass values and seagrass carbon values. This research was conducted in October and November 2017 in Teluk Awur and Bendengan Jepara Beach. The method used in this research is descriptive method. Sampling was carried out at two places each of five stations. Samples taken were seagrass, sediments and seawater found at the study site which were then identified and analyzed in the Biology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, and analysis of desertion carried out at the Geology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University. The results of this study indicate the total value of seagrass biomass obtained in both locations from the first test was 982.77 gbk/m2 and the second test was 923.91 gbk/m2. The total carbon content in the first sampling ranged from 511.76 - 3662.26 gC/m2 and the total carbon in the second sampling ranged from 141.48-3344.2 gC/m2. The difference in results can show that climate differences can affect the results obtained.

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Stability and biodegradability of organic matter from Arctic soils of Western Siberia: insights from <sup>13</sup>C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis

Solid Earth ◽

10.5194/se-7-153-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 153-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. Ejarque ◽

E. Abakumov

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Total Carbon ◽

The Arctic ◽

Total Carbon Content ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Arctic Soils ◽

Spatial Coverage

Abstract. Arctic soils contain large amounts of organic matter which, globally, exceed the amount of carbon stored in vegetation biomass and in the atmosphere. Recent studies emphasise the potential sensitivity for this soil organic matter (SOM) to be mineralised when faced with increasing ambient temperatures. In order to better refine the predictions about the response of SOM to climate warming, there is a need to increase the spatial coverage of empirical data on SOM quantity and quality in the Arctic area. This study provides, for the first time, a characterisation of SOM from the Gydan Peninsula in the Yamal Region, Western Siberia, Russia. On the one hand, soil humic acids and their humification state were characterised by measuring the elemental composition and diversity of functional groups using solid-state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Also, the total mineralisable carbon was measured. Our results indicate that there is a predominance of aliphatic carbon structures, with a minimal variation of their functional-group composition both regionally and within soil depth. This vertical homogeneity and low level of aromaticity reflects the accumulation in soil of lowly decomposed organic matter due to cold temperatures. Mineralisation rates were found to be independent of SOM quality, and to be mainly explained solely by the total carbon content. Overall, our results provide further evidence on the sensitivity that the soils of Western Siberia may have to increasing ambient temperatures and highlight the important role that this region can play in the global carbon balance under the effects of climate warming.

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Long-Term Nitrogen Deposition Alters Ectomycorrhizal Community Composition and Function in a Poplar Plantation

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7100791 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 791

Author(s):

Nan Yang ◽

Bo Wang ◽

Dong Liu ◽

Xuan Wang ◽

Xiuxiu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Eastern China ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Total Carbon ◽

N Addition ◽

Poplar Plantation ◽

Total Carbon Content ◽

Humus Layer ◽

And Function

The continuous upsurge in soil nitrogen (N) enrichment has had strong impacts on the structure and function of ecosystems. Elucidating how plant ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) mutualists respond to this additional N will facilitate the rapid development and implementation of more broadly applicable management and remediation strategies. For this study, we investigated the responses of EMF communities to increased N, and how other abiotic environmental factors impacted them. Consequently, we conducted an eight-year N addition experiment in a poplar plantation in coastal eastern China that included five N addition levels: 0 (N0), 50 (N1), 100 (N2), 150 (N3), and 300 (N4) kg N ha−1 yr−1. We observed that excessive N inputs reduced the colonization rate and species richness of EMF, and altered its community structure and functional traits. The total carbon content of the humus layer and available phosphorus in the mineral soil were important drivers of EMF abundance, while the content of ammonium in the humus layer and mineral soil determined the variations in the EMF community structure and mycelium foraging type. Our findings indicated that long-term N addition induced soil nutrient imbalances that resulted in a severe decline in EMF abundance and loss of functional diversity in poplar plantations.

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Soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition along altitudinal gradients in the High Arctic (Billefjorden, Svalbard)

10.5194/bg-2017-184 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Petr Kotas ◽

Hana Šantrůčková ◽

Josef Elster ◽

Eva Kaštovská

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Microbial Biomass ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Microbes ◽

High Arctic ◽

Plant Distribution ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Arctic Soils ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Biomass Activity

Abstract. The unique and fragile High Arctic ecosystems are vulnerable to proceeding global climate warming. Elucidation of factors driving microbial distribution and activity in Arctic soils is essential for comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem functioning and its response to environmental change. The goals of this study were to investigate the microbial biomass, activity, microbial community structure (MCS) and its abiotic controls in soils along three elevational gradients in coastal mountains of Billefjorden, Central Svalbard. Soils from four different altitudes (25, 275, 525, and 765 m above sea level) were analysed for a suite of characteristics including temperature regimes, organic matter content, base cation availability, moisture, pH, basal respiration, and microbial biomass and community structure using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA). We observed significant altitudinal zonation of most edaphic characteristics reflected by soil microbial properties. The microbial biomass and activity normalized per unit of organic carbon significantly increased with elevation. The two dominant microbial groups, fungi and bacteria, had different habitat preferences, resulting in high fungi to bacteria (F / B) ratios at the most elevated sites. The changes in MCS were mainly governed by the bedrock chemistry, soil pH, organic carbon content and soil moisture. While the direct impact of summer soil temperature regimes on soil microbes was likely negligible, it´s influence on plant distribution along the gradients have strong implications for edaphic conditions and consequently also for soil microbes. Our results highlight the need to consider unvegetated high elevation areas as hotspots of microbial activity and important habitats within the High Arctic ecosystem.

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Stability and biodegradability of humic substances from Arctic soils of Western Siberia: insights from <sup>13</sup>C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis

Solid Earth Discussions ◽

10.5194/sed-7-3021-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 3021-3052 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Ejarque ◽

E. Abakumov

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Western Siberia ◽

13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Total Carbon ◽

The Arctic ◽

Total Carbon Content ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Arctic Soils ◽

Spatial Coverage

Abstract. Arctic soils contain large amounts of organic matter which, globally, exceed the amount of carbon stored in vegetation biomass and in the atmosphere. Recent studies emphasize the potential sensitivity for this soil organic matter (SOM) to be mineralised when faced with increasing ambient temperatures. In order to better refine the predictions about the response of SOM to climate warming, there is a need to increase the spatial coverage of empirical data on SOM quantity and quality in the Arctic area. This study provides, for the first time, a characterisation of SOM from the Gydan Peninsula in the Yamal Region, Western Siberia, Russia. On the one hand, soil humic acids and their humification state were characterised by measuring the elemental composition and diversity of functional groups using solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Also, the total mineralisable carbon was measured. Our results show that there is a uniformity of SOM characteristics throughout the studied region, as well as within soil profiles. Such in-depth homogeneity, together with a predominance of aliphatic carbon structures, suggests the accumulation in soil of raw and slightly decomposed organic matter. Moreover, results on total mineralisable carbon suggest a high lability of these compounds. The mineralisation rate was found to be independent of SOM quality, and to be mainly explained solely by the total carbon content. Overall, our results provide further evidence on the fundamental role that the soils of Western Siberia may have on regulating the global carbon balance when faced with increasing ambient temperatures.

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Strong shifts in microbial community structure are associated with increased litter input rather than temperature in High Arctic soils

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 108054

Author(s):

Magdalene Adamczyk ◽

Carla Perez-Mon ◽

Samuel Gunz ◽

Beat Frey

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Community Structure ◽

High Arctic ◽

Litter Input ◽

Arctic Soils

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Spatial Analysis of Archaeal Community Structure in Grassland Soil

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.12.7420-7429.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 7420-7429 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Graeme W. Nicol ◽

L. Anne Glover ◽

James I. Prosser

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Sample Size ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Archaeal Community ◽

Group Method ◽

Soil Core ◽

Pair Group ◽

Grassland Type

ABSTRACT The complex structure of soil and the heterogeneity of resources available to microorganisms have implications for sampling regimens when the structure and diversity of microbial communities are analyzed. To assess the heterogeneity in community structure, archaeal communities, which typically contain sequences belonging to the nonthermophilic Crenarchaeota, were examined at two contrasting spatial scales by using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis followed by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis of 16S rRNA- and ribosomal DNA-derived profiles. A macroscale analysis was carried out with soil cores taken at 2-m intervals along triplicate 8-m transects from both managed (improved) and natural (unimproved) grassland rhizosphere soils. A microscale analysis was carried out with a single soil core by assessing the effects of both sample size (10, 1, and 0.1 g) and distance between samples. The much reduced complexity of archaeal profiles compared to the complexity typical of the bacterial community facilitated visual comparison of profiles based on band presence and revealed different levels of heterogeneity between sets of samples. At the macroscale level, heterogeneity over the transect could not be related to grassland type. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across both improved and unimproved transects, except for one improved transect that exhibited substantial homogeneity, so that profiles for a single core were largely representative of the entire transect. At the smaller scale, the heterogeneity of the archaeal community structure varied with sample size within a single 8- by 8-cm core. The archaeal DGGE profiles for replicate 10-g soil samples were similar, while those for 1-g samples and 0.1-g samples showed greater heterogeneity. In addition, there was no relationship between the archaeal profiles and the distance between 1- or 0.1-g samples, although relationships between community structure and distance of separation may occur at a smaller scale. Our findings demonstrate the care required when workers attempt to obtain a representative picture of microbial community structure in the soil environment.

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