Ginseng for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications: a discussion of the evidence

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with elevated blood glucose levels due either to insufficient insulin production (type 1 DM) or to insulin resistance (type 2 DM). The incidence of DM around the world continues to rise dramatically with more than 400 million cases reported today. Among the most serious consequences of chronic DM are cardiovascular complications that can have deleterious effects. Although numerous treatment options are available, including both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, there is substantial emerging interest in the use of traditional medicines for the treatment of this condition and its complications. Among these is ginseng, a medicinal herb that belongs to the genus Panax and has been used for thousands of years as a medicinal agent especially in Asian cultures. There is emerging evidence from both animal and clinical studies that ginseng, ginseng constituents including ginsenosides, and ginseng-containing formulations can produce beneficial effects in terms of normalization of blood glucose levels and attenuation of cardiovascular complications through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Although more research is required, ginseng may offer a useful therapy for the treatment of diabetes as well as its complications.

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Leptin contributes to the beneficial effects of insulin treatment in streptozotocin-diabetic male mice

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (6) ◽

pp. E1264-E1273

Author(s):

Ursula H. Neumann ◽

Michelle M. Kwon ◽

Robert K. Baker ◽

Timothy J. Kieffer

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Therapy ◽

Daily Injection ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Glucose Lowering ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Lowering Effect ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Glucose Lowering Effect

It was long thought that the only hormone capable of reversing the catabolic consequences of diabetes was insulin. However, various studies have demonstrated that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin can robustly lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of insulin-deficient diabetes. In addition, it has been suggested that some of the metabolic manifestations of insulin-deficient diabetes are due to hypoleptinemia as opposed to hypoinsulinemia. Because insulin therapy increases leptin levels, we sought to investigate the contribution of leptin to the beneficial effects of insulin therapy. To do this, we tested insulin therapy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice that were either on an ob/ ob background or that were given a leptin antagonist to determine if blocking leptin action would blunt the glucose-lowering effects of insulin therapy. We found that STZ diabetic ob/ ob mice have a diminished blood glucose-lowering effect in response to insulin therapy compared with STZ diabetic controls and exhibited more severe weight loss post-STZ injection. In addition, STZ diabetic mice administered a leptin antagonist through daily injection or plasmid expression respond less robustly to insulin therapy as assessed by both fasting blood glucose levels and blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. However, leptin antagonism did not prevent the insulin-induced reduction in β-hydroxybutyrate and triglyceride levels. Therefore, we conclude that elevated leptin levels can contribute to the glucose-lowering effect of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes.

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Preventive Effect of Salicylate and Pyridoxamine on Diabetic Nephropathy

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/1786789 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tarek Kamal Abouzed ◽

Seiichi Munesue ◽

Ai Harashima ◽

Yusuke Masuo ◽

Yukio Kato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Macrophage Infiltration ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Developmental Factors ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Long Acting

Objective. Diabetic nephropathy is a life-threatening complication in patients with long-standing diabetes. Hemodynamic, inflammatory, and metabolic factors are considered as developmental factors for diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we evaluated whether pharmacological interventions with salicylate, compared to pyridoxamine, could prevent diabetic nephropathy in mice. Methods. Male mice overexpressing inducible nitric oxide synthase in pancreatic β-cells were employed as a diabetic model. Salicylate (3 g/kg diet) or pyridoxamine (1 g/L drinking water; ~200 mg/kg/day) was given for 16 weeks to assess the development of diabetic nephropathy. Treatment with long-acting insulin (Levemir 2 units/kg twice a day) was used as a control. Results. Although higher blood glucose levels were not significantly affected by pyridoxamine, early to late stage indices of nephropathy were attenuated, including kidney enlargement, albuminuria, and increased serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, and inflammatory and profibrotic gene expressions. Salicylate showed beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy similar to those of pyridoxamine, which include lowering blood glucose levels and inhibiting macrophage infiltration into the kidneys. Attenuation of macrophage infiltration into the kidneys and upregulation of antiglycating enzyme glyoxalase 1 gene expression were found only in the salicylate treatment group. Conclusions. Treatment with salicylate and pyridoxamine could prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy in mice and, therefore, would be a potentially useful therapeutic strategy against kidney problems in patients with diabetes.

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The Beneficial Effects of SesaVitaTM on Lipid Profiles and Blood Glucose Levels in Subjects With Prediabetes and Mild-To-Moderate Hyperlipidemia in India

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v2n5p104 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. N. Shivaprasad ◽

M. Bhanumathy ◽

Ceyhun Tamer ◽

G. Sushma ◽

K. R. Raveendra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Normal Ranges

Individuals suffering from Type 2 diabetes develop prediabetes before progression of diabetes. In case of prediabetes people, the blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not sufficient to be diagnosed as diabetes. On the basis of existing reports on Sesame extract, SesaVitaTM which is an herbal food supplement containing Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) extract may provide an option for management of prediabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the beneficial effects of SesaVitaTM in prediabetes and mild to moderate hyperlipidemia subjects. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study comprised of 13 female and 07 male patients with prediabetes and mild to moderate hyperlipidemia, aged between 18 and 65 years. Twenty subjects were randomized to receive SesaVitaTM (500 mg/day) or placebo along with therapeutic lifestyle changes for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was the measure of efficacy in terms of change in serum lipid profile and glycaemic levels on week 3 and 6. Secondary outcome measures include safety and tolerability evaluated by physical examination and clinical laboratory evaluations. Improvements in lipid profile and glycaemic levels were observed in SesaVitaTM treated group when compared with placebo and baseline. A statistical significant reduction was observed in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels during week 3 and 6 when treated with SesaVitaTM extract. No adverse events occurred and all safety parameters were within normal ranges during the study. This study revealed that the treatment with SesaVitaTM was safe and well tolerated; may be beneficial in the management of prediabetes and mild-to-moderate hyperlipidemia.

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Self-monitoring of blood glucose as an essential component of exerting total control over diabetes

Cardiosomatics ◽

10.26442/cs45069 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

E. V Biryukova

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Glucose Lowering ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Full Participation ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Glucose Lowering Therapy

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with the development of micro-and macrovascular complications, prevention of which is an important task of modern medicine. Achieving and maintaining blood glucose levels close to normal, however, is almost impossible without the full participation of the patient in the treatment of diabetes. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SAG) is the basis of the effectiveness of glucose-lowering therapy and prevention of hypoglycemia. This article discusses the recommended frequency of SCG depending on the type of diabetes. For measuring blood sugar at home now a variety of devices is available. Selection of quality meter is determined by ease of use, ease of operation of the device, ease of preparation and fair presentation of results of the results of measurement.

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Glucose-Responsive Microneedle Patches for Diabetes Treatment

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/1932296818778607 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Guojun Chen ◽

Jicheng Yu ◽

Zhen Gu

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Blood Glucose Control ◽

Diabetes Therapy ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Antidiabetic therapeutics, including insulin as well as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and its analogs, are essential for people with diabetes to regulate their blood glucose levels. Nevertheless, conventional treatments based on hypodermic administration is commonly associated with poor blood glucose control, a lack of patient compliance, and a high risk of hypoglycemia. Closed-loop drug delivery strategies, also known as self-regulated administration, which can intelligently govern the drug release kinetics in response to the fluctuation in blood glucose levels, show tremendous promise in diabetes therapy. In the meantime, the advances in the development and use of microneedle (MN)-array patches for transdermal drug delivery offer an alternative method to conventional hypodermic administration. Hence, glucose-responsive MN-array patches for the treatment of diabetes have attracted increasing attentions in recent years. This review summarizes recent advances in glucose-responsive MN-array patch systems. Their opportunities and challenges for clinical translation are also discussed.

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Determination the limit of postprandial blood glucose increase and the metabolism of acetylated wheat starch on healthy mice

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2019.5.2 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

Khoa Bao Chau Thai ◽

Huu Tien Nguyen ◽

Huu Dung Tran

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Wheat Starch ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Control Group ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Resistant Starches

Introduction: Nowadays, resistant starches are interested as a supplement food by effecting on the limit of postprandial blood glucose increase and supporting for the diabetes treatment. Recently, we have semisynthesized the acetylated wheat starch (AWS) oriented for supporting the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is the RS4 formed by chemical structure modification. AWS has been proved itself to show strong resistance to amylase activity in-vitro as well as to be safety in-vivo. Materials and Methods: In this study, we continued to evaluate AWS’s ability to limit postprandial blood glucose increase and determined shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolized from AWS in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy mice by HPLC. Results: the mice fed AWS exhibited a very limited increase in blood glucose levels and remained stable for 2 hours after meals comparing with the control group (mice fed natural wheat starch) (NWS). Simultaneously, the content of SCFAs produced in the caecum of the mice fed AWS was significantly higher than mice fed NWS, especially with acetic and propionic acids by 28% and 26%, respectively. Conclusion: AWS has been shown to limit postprandial hyperglycemia in mice effectively through the resistance to amylase hydrolysis in the small intestine. When going into the caecum, it is fermented to form SCFAs that provide a part of the energy for the body’s activities and to avoid rotten fermentation causing digestive disorders, which are inherent restrictions of normal high cellulose and fiber food. Key words: acetylated wheat starch, natural wheat starch, SCFA, blood glucose

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Fuzzy Based Automatic Insulin Injector Simulation Aided by Online Doctor Consultation Using LabVIEW

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1990 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 110-116 ◽

pp. 1990-1995

Author(s):

K.A. Sunitha ◽

N.Senthil Kumar ◽

K. Prema ◽

G.Sai Deepthi ◽

Jennifer Elizabeth Belinda.E

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Pump ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Online Access ◽

Extreme Care ◽

Web Publishing

Diabetes mellitus is a disease which needs constant and continued attention. The treatment of diabetes is patient specific and extreme care and caution is necessary for effective monitoring. The amount of insulin to be given to patients should be exact to their needs for obtaining the best results. The proposed system calculates the insulin required by using patient blood glucose levels and weight using fuzzy analysis. This quantity of insulin can be delivered to the patient using an insulin pump. The process has been simulated in LabVIEW. The insulin levels can be sent to the doctor by online access. It has been implemented and tested using each of the three different protocols web publishing, TCP-IP and datasocket connections separately. The doctor can advise further treatment and also suggest changes to the insulin quantity according to current glucose levels. The patient can also post questions for doctor consultation.

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Ascorbic Acid-Rich Moringa oleifera Lam. Extract Inhibits Hepatorenal Toxicity and Enhances the Endogenous Antioxidant Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Type II Diabetes

10.36922/itps.v2i2.476 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-35

Author(s):

Vikas Kumar ◽

Ankit Sahoo ◽

Prakash Khadka ◽

Deeksha Chauhan ◽

Azizah Salim Bawadood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

The Body ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Moringa Oleifera Lam

Background. The cases of diabetes increase day by day due to unhealthy lifestyle, food habit, and less food intake. Novel drugs for the treatment of diabetes are urgently needed. Most researchers are looking for alternative drugs (plant-based drugs) for the treatment of diabetes. Objective. The current experiment was designed to examine the hepatic and renal beneficial effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extract in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Methods. Antidiabetic potential of the MO extract was estimated in terms of blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate. Antihyperlipidemic effects of MO extract were evaluated through the estimation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very LDL (VLDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level whereas the antioxidant effects were evaluated through estimation of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in diabetic rats. Results. Dose-dependent treatment using MO extract significantly increased the body weight, hexokinase, plasma insulin, HDL, SOD, CAT, and GPx levels (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, TC, TGs, LDL, VLDL, MDA, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, and glycated hemoglobin in STZ-induced diabetic rats (P < 0.001). Conclusion. MO can be used as a therapeutic agent in the management of elevated blood glucose levels through the alterations in the blood glucose level, plasma level of insulin, and various biochemical parameters.

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A Review on Anti-diabetic Activity of Medicinal Spices

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research ◽

10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v69i01.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ramya P ◽

Lavanya Krishnadhas

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Human Body ◽

Metabolic Disorder ◽

Well Being ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder in which the human body does not produce insulin hormone, this leads to the increase in blood glucose levels. Diabetes infects more than 387 million individuals globally, posing a significant threat to both personal well-being and global economies. Normally, medicinal plants are highly used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus but some spices also have the efficiency to treat diabetes. Still, spices which we are using as ingredients plays important role in foods also have the ability to treat diabetes. This article describes the anti-diabetic activity of those medicinal spices.

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