Changes in leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and resource use efficiency of a rapeseed cultivar as affected by drought and high temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.K. Biswas ◽  
B.L. Ma ◽  
M.J. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Rapeseed Cultivar ◽  
Use Efficiency

The objective of this study was to explore the changes in leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, physiological processes, growth, and resource-use efficiency in a rapeseed cultivar under drought and (or) high temperatures. The two-wk-old plants were grown under controlled growth chamber conditions and subjected to individual or combined water (well-irrigated, 88% ± 4% field capacity vs. drought, 46% ± 5% field capacity) and temperature (control, 23 °C/17 °C vs. high temperatures, 26 °C/25 °C) regimes for 10 d. The measured response parameters were [N], [P], and their total content in leaves, photosynthetic rate (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), mitochondrial respiration (R), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE), relative growth rate of the root (RGRr) and shoot (RGRs), leaf area, and dry matter accumulation in the plant. Drought significantly decreased [N], [P], and their total content in leaves, Asat, gs, Ci, RGRr, RGRs, leaf area, dry matter accumulation in the root, shoot, and whole plant, and PNUE, but significantly increased R and WUEi. Drought-induced reduction in growth or Asat was mainly attributed to a decreased Ci due to stomatal closure, while reduction in gs and leaf area appeared to be a drought-adaptive mechanism. High temperature stress alone had no negative impact on physiological and growth parameters, indicating an enhanced thermal stability of the cultivar, which was diminished at combined drought and high temperature stresses. We therefore conclude that the thermal stability of the cultivar in terms of growth was compromised under simultaneous occurrence of drought and high temperature stresses.

Influence of row spacing on growth, light and water use by sorghum

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McGowan ◽  
H. M. Taylor ◽  
J. Willingham
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Reduced Water

SUMMARYGrain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was grown in Texas in 1985 at a constant population density of c. 6·6 plants/m2 in rows 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 m apart and with the soil profile at field capacity at planting time. Dry matter production and yield were least at the widest spacing, principally because of a reduction in number of tillers. Dry matter accumulation was in direct proportion to the amount of light intercepted and largely independent of spacing between rows, with a conversion coefficient of 1·71 g dry matter/MJ energy intercepted. The most widely spaced crop used less water but not in proportion to the extent that ground cover was reduced. Water use efficiency was also less in the most widely spaced crop, probably because of heat advection from the bare soil between rows.

Effects of Different Micro-Catchment Mulching Methods on Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Corn

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 392-397
Author(s):  
Jia Ming Zheng ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Liang Shan Feng ◽  
Yu Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Period ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Film Mulching

The study on the effects of three unary and binary micro-catchment mulching methods including film mulching ridge and ditch plantation, film-mulching ridge and ditch film-mulching plantation and film-mulching ridge and ditch film-mulching straw plantation on growth of corn and different precipitation years was conducted in allusion to the low and unstable yield of corn in the western Liaoning province of China and in comparison with the traditional plantation model. Under the condition of this experiment, through film-mulching ridge and ditch film-mulching plantation and film-mulching ridge and ditch plantation, the time for seedling emergence of corn was shortened and the emergence rate of corn was increased. Through film-mulching ridge and ditch film-mulching straw plantation, the time for seedling emergence of corn was prolonged and the emergence rate of corn was increased in median water or dry years, but the emergence rate of corn was reduced in the high flow year. By contrast to traditional plantation model, film-mulching ridge and ditch film-mulching plantation and film-mulching ridge and ditch plantation boosted the increase in plant height and leaf area of corn and promoted dry matter accumulation in the early period of growth while the growth was slow, the plant height, leaf area and dry matter accumulation was always at he minimum value through film-mulching ridge and ditch straw mulching plantation in the early period of growth, but the growth rate was expedited in the late period during growth. Through film-mulching ridge and ditch straw mulching plantation, due to many reasons such as the growth process ahead of schedule and high temperature, the signs of precocity or premature senility come into being and leaf area and chlorophyll content decreases swiftly; through film-mulching ridge and ditch straw mulching plantation, the descent velocity of leaf area and chlorophyll content were reduced and the leaf senescence was postponed. In different precipitation years, the increases in water use efficiency of micro-catchment plantation were different, smaller in high flow year while larger in dry or median water year.

scholarly journals Maize Canopy Photosynthetic Efficiency, Plant Growth, and Yield Responses to Tillage Depth

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiying Sun ◽  
Julin Gao ◽  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
Shuping Hu ◽  
Fengjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tillage Depth

Subsoil tillage loosens compacted soil for better plant growth, but promotes water loss, which is a concern in areas that are commonly irrigated. Therefore, our objective was to determine the physiological responses of high yield spring maize (Zea mays L.) to subsoil tillage depth when grown in the Western plain irrigation area of Inner Mongolia, China. Our experiment during 2014 and 2015 used Zhengdan958 (Hybrid of Zheng58 × Chang7-2, produced by Henan academy of agricultural sciences of China, with the characteristics of tight plant type and high yield) and Xianyu335 (Hybrid of PH6WC × PH4CV, produced by Pioneer Corp of USA, with the characteristic of high yield and suitable of machine-harvesting) with three differing subsoil tillage depths (30, 40, or 50 cm) as the trial factor and shallow rotary tillage as a control. The results indicated that subsoil tillage increased shoot dry matter accumulation, leading to a greater shoot/root ratio. Subsoil tillage helped retain a greater leaf area index in each growth stage, increased the leaf area duration, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate, and effectively delayed the aging of the blade. On average, compared with shallow rotary, the grain yields and water use efficiency increased by 0.7–8.9% and 1.93–18.49% in subsoil tillage treatment, respectively, resulting in the net income being increased by 2.24% to 6.97%. Additionally, the grain yield, water use efficiency, and net income were the highest under the treatment of a subsoil tillage depth of 50 cm. The results provided a theoretical basis for determining the suitable chiseling depth for high-yielding spring corn in the Western irrigation plains of Inner Mongolia.

Effects of partial rootzone drying and rootstock vigour on dry matter partitioning of apple trees (Malus domesticacvar Pink Lady)

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LO BIANCO ◽  
G. TALLUTO ◽  
V. FARINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying ◽  
Conventional Irrigation

SUMMARYThe effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and rootstock vigour on dry matter accumulation and partitioning among leaves, shoots, fruits, frame and roots of apple trees (Malus domesticaBorkh. cvar Pink Lady) were investigated in 2005 near Caltavuturo, in Sicily. In a first field trial, trees on MM.106 rootstock were subjected to: conventional irrigation (CI), maintaining soil moisture above 0·80 of field capacity; PRD irrigation, where alternating sides of the rootzone received 0·50 of the CI irrigation water; and continuous deficit irrigation (DI), where 0·50 of the CI water was equally applied to both sides of the rootzone. In a second trial, trees on M.9 or MM.106 were subjected to CI and PRD irrigation. In trial 1, dry matter accumulation was markedly reduced by DI irrigation and to a lesser extent by PRD; PRD trees partitioned 20% less to leaves, 31% less to fruits and 24% more to woody components than CI trees; DI trees partitioned 14% less to current shoots and 18% more to fruits than CI and had the highest fruit:leaf ratio. In trial 2, there was no interaction between rootstock and irrigation treatments. MM.106 induced greater leaf, shoot, frame and root dry weights (DWs) than M.9, resulting in more vegetative growth and larger trees. PRD reduced leaf, shoot, frame and fruit DWs, while root DWs were similar to CI, and thus PRD trees were 18% smaller than CI trees. Neither rootstock nor irrigation affected dry matter partitioning among organs or root:canopy ratio, whereas PRD trees or trees on MM.106 showed better water use efficiency than CI and M.9, respectively. The results show that PRD trees did not activate drought tolerance strategies in terms of dry matter allocation that could improve acquisition of water resources, regardless of rootstock. PRD irrigation increased above-ground dry matter partitioning towards woody components at the expense of leaves and fruits.

Leaf Photosynthesis and Drought Adaptation in Field-Grown Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Jensen ◽  
VO Mogensen ◽  
G Mortensen ◽  
MN Andersen ◽  
JK Schjoerring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Drought Adaptation ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Use Efficiency

Photosynthesis and drought adaptation in leaves of field grown rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Global) were investigated in 1992 under temperate climatic conditions in plants grown in lysimeters in a sand and in a loam soil. Light-saturated net photosynthesis (Amax), leaf conductance to water vapour (ge), leaf water potential (Ψe), leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψπ100), specific leaf area (SLA), spectral reflection index (RI) used as a measure of leaf area, and leaf nitrogen content, were determined in irrigated plants and in plants exposed to soil drying. In the early growth stages before flowering, Amax was 35-45 μmol m-2 s-1 and ge was 1-1.5 mol m-2 s-1. Maximum rates of CO2 assimilation greater than 30 μmol m-2 s-1 were obseved for up to 19 days. Stomata partly closed in ageing leaves maintaining a constant CI/Ca ratio. Both photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; Amax per unit of nitrogen) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE; Amax/ge) were high compared with efficiencies of stems and husks and of other C3 plants. In bracts Amax and ge were 10-15 μmol m-2 s-1 and 0.2-0.7 mol mol m-2 s-1, respectively. Both Amax and ge varied linearly with leaf nitrogen content. When soil water was depleted, both Ψπ100 and RI decreased relative to controls on both soil types before any significant decrease in Ψπ occurred. On loam with slow soil drying SLA, ge and Amax decreased before any significant decrease in Ψe occurred. We suggest that these responses might have been triggered by a non-hydraulic signal transmitted from the roots. When water was more depleted, rape maintained positive turgor down to Ψe of -1.6 MPa. Rape had a high TW/DW ratio (9-11) and a 6 limited ability to adjust osmotically, ΔΨe100 being at most 0.3-0.4 MPa.

scholarly journals The Optimal Cultivar × Sowing Date × Plant Density for Grain Yield and Resource Use Efficiency of Summer Maize in the Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Plain of China

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Lichao Zhai ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Haipo Yao ◽  
Mengjing Zheng ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Use Efficiency

In order to explore the optimal cultivar × sowing date × plant density for summer maize (Zea mays L.) in the Northern Huang–Huai–Hai (HHH) Plain of China, field experiments were conducted over two consecutive years (2018–2019) on a loam soil in the Northern HHH Plain. A split–split plot design was employed in this study, and the main plots included three cultivars (HM1: early-maturing cultivar; ZD958: medium-maturing cultivar; DH605: late-maturing cultivar); subplots consisted of three sowing dates (SD1: June 10; SD2: June 17; SD3: June 24); sub-sub plots include two plant densities (PD1: 6.75 × 104 plants ha−1; PD2: 8.25 × 104 plants ha−1). The results showed that the effects of cultivar and plant density on grain yield of summer maize were not significant, and the sowing date was the major factor affecting the grain yield. Delayed sowing significantly decreased the grain yield of summer maize, this was due mainly to the reduced kernel weight, which is associated with the lower post-anthesis dry matter accumulation. Moreover, radiation use efficiency (RUE), temperature use efficiency (TUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly affected by cultivar, sowing date, and plant density. Selecting early- and medium-maturing cultivars was beneficial to the improvements in RUE and TUE, and plants grown at earlier sowing with higher plant density increased the RUE and TUE. The interactive analysis of cultivar × sowing date × plant density showed that the optimum grain yields of all tested cultivars were observed at SD1-PD2, and the optimum RUE and TUE for HM1, ZD958, and DH605 were observed at SD1-PD2, SD2-PD2, and SD2-PD2, respectively. The differences in the optimum grain yield, RUE, and TUE among the tested cultivars were not significant. These results suggested that plants grown at earlier sowing with reasonable dense planting had benefits of grain yield and resource use efficiency. In order to adapt to mechanized grain harvesting, early-maturing cultivar with lower grain moisture at harvest would be the better choice. Therefore, adopting early-maturing cultivars grown with earlier sowing with reasonably higher plant density would be the optimal planting pattern for summer maize production in the Northern HHH Plain of China in future.

scholarly journals Maize Canopy Photosynthesis, Plant Growth, and Yield Responses to Tillage Depth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiying Sun ◽  
Julin Gao ◽  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
Shuping Hu ◽  
Fengjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tillage Depth

Subsoil tillage loosens compacted soil for better plant growth, but promotes water loss, which is a concern in areas commonly irrigated. Therefore, our objective was to determine the physiological responses of high yield spring corn (Zea mays L.) to Subsoil tillage depth when grown in the western plain irrigation area of Inner Mongolia that leads to the best water use efficiency. The experiment during 2014 and 2015 used Zhengdan958 and Xianyu335 with three differing subsoil tillage depths (30, 40, or 50 cm) as trial factor and shallow rotary as a control. Subsoil tillage increased shoot dry matter accumulation, leading to a greater shoot/root ratio. Subsoil tillage helped retain greater leaf area index in each growth stage, increase the leaf area duration, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate, with greater effects as tillage was deeper, effectively delaying the aging of the blade. Grain yields were increased by 0.7%–8.9% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment shallow rotary, Water use efficiency were increased by 1.93%–18.49% on average in subsoil tillage treatment compared to shallow rotary, resulting in net income increases by 2.24% to 6.97% compared to shallow rotary. Among the three different subsoil tillage depth treatment, the grain yield, water use efficiency, and net income is the best under the treatment of subsoil tillage depth of 50 cm.

scholarly journals Optimum Water and Nitrogen Management Increases Grain Yield and Resource Use Efficiency by Optimizing Canopy Structure in Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Mao Yang ◽  
Chunsheng Yao ◽  
Xiaonan Zhou ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Optimum Water

Excessive nitrogen (N) application rates and serious over-exploitation of groundwater under farmer practice threatens the sustainable use of resources in the North China Plain (NCP). Crop canopy structure affects light distribution between leaves, which is important to determine crop growth. A field experiment conducted from October 2016 to June 2019 in the NCP was designed to examine whether optimum water and nitrogen management could optimize canopy characteristics to improve yield and resource use efficiency. Field treatments included: (1) an example of local farming practices, which include the addition of 330 kg N ha−1 and irrigated twice (FP), (2) a reduced N rate of 270 kg N ha−1 and irrigated twice (T1), (3) a reduced rate of N rate of 210 kg N ha−1 and irrigated once (T2), and (4) no N applied (0 kg N ha−1) and irrigated once (T3). Results showed that the highest yield was in T1 treatment during 3 years’ winter wheat growing seasons. Water use efficiency (WUE), N use efficiency (NUtE), and N partial factor productivity (PFPN) were significantly higher in T2 treatment than in FP, and the three-year average yield was 9.4% higher than that at FP. Optimum crop management practice (T1 and T2) improved canopy structure characteristics, with less relative photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) penetrated of canopy and higher population uniformity as well as leaf area index, to coordinate the distribution of light within the canopy and maximize canopy light interception, resulting in higher yield and resource use efficiency. Leaf area index (LAI) and specific leaf area (SLA) were closely correlated with grain yield and WUE, while PPFD penetrated of canopy was negatively and significantly correlated with grain yield and WUE. The results indicate that canopy structure characteristics, especially PPFD and population uniformity are good indicators of yield and resource use efficiency.

Resource Use Efficiency in Gram Production of Amravati Division

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 532-534
Author(s):  
Ganeshkumar D Rede ◽  
◽  
Dr. S. J. Kakde Dr. S. J. Kakde ◽  
Vanita Khobarkar
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency
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