Rapid increase in glyphosate resistance and confirmation of dicamba-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in Manitoba

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Geddes ◽  
Mattea M Pittman ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Tammy Jones ◽  
Julia Y. Leeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Dicamba Resistance

Increased adoption of crops with stacked traits conferring glyphosate and dicamba resistance, and recent confirmation of kochia [<i>Bassia scoparia</i> (L.) A.J. Scott] biotypes resistant to these herbicides in Alberta and Saskatchewan, warrant surveillance of herbicide-resistant kochia in Manitoba. A randomized-stratified survey of 315 sites in Manitoba was conducted in the fall of 2018. Overall, 58% of the kochia populations tested were glyphosate-resistant, while 1% were dicamba-resistant. This survey documents rapid increase in glyphosate-resistant kochia over a five-year time frame, and also confirms the first cases of kochia in Manitoba with dicamba resistance alone and in combination with glyphosate resistance.

Grafting Imparts Glyphosate Resistance in Soybean

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjian Jiang ◽  
Xiulan Xu ◽  
Zhaohu Li ◽  
Douglas Doohan
Keyword(s):  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Roundup Ready ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Resistant Rootstock ◽  
Cp4 Epsps

Grafting is a widely-adopted cultural method to incorporate desired traits of rootstock with those of the scion and has been used successfully to address many biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought/waterlogging, insects, and diseases. However, it is not known if a herbicide resistance trait can be transferred across a graft union. Using Roundup Ready® (RR; glyphosate-resistant) soybean grafted with conventional (CN; nontransgenic and glyphosate-sensitive) soybean, we show that grafting is capable of transferring glyphosate resistance from RR rootstocks to CN scions. Grafts of CN/CN (scion/rootstock), CN/RR, RR/CN, and RR/RR were treated with potassium salt of glyphosate at 0.28, 0.84 and 1.68 kg ae ha−1. The CN/RR plants survived glyphosate treatment at 0.84 and 1.68 kg ha−1while CN/CN plants were killed, indicating that glyphosate resistance is systemically mobile across the graft union. Intraspecies transfer of glyphosate resistance was unidirectional from root to shoot, since RR/CN plants were killed by glyphosate. The glyphosate resistance trait is conferred by CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS); therefore, we further examined whether CP4-EPSPS played a role in the phenomenon. CP4-EPSPS was detected in the CN scion of CN/RR plants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but only 0.001% of that detected in RR leaf. This concentration is unlikely to have contributed significantly to the glyphosate resistance observed in CN/RR plants. Amino acid systemic trafficking and/or tissue specific glyphosate resistance are more likely the reasons for this phenomenon. These results show that grafting a transgenic herbicide-resistant rootstock to a nonresistant scion can confer resistance to the entire plant.

Distribution of Herbicide-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) in Indiana and Characterization of Distinct Glyphosate-Resistant Biotypes

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick T. Harre ◽  
Haozhen Nie ◽  
Renae R. Robertson ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Stephen C. Weller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Pam Fluorometer ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Giant ragweed is a highly competitive weed that continually threatens crop production systems due to evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides (ALS-R) and glyphosate (GR). Two biotypes of GR giant ragweed exist and are differentiated by their response to glyphosate, termed here as rapid response (RR) and non–rapid response (NRR). A comparison of data from surveys of Indiana crop fields done in 2006 and 2014 showed that GR giant ragweed has spread from 15% to 39% of Indiana counties and the NRR biotype is the most prevalent. A TaqMan®single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay was developed to identify ALS-R populations and revealed 47% of GR populations to be ALS-R as well. The magnitude of glyphosate resistance for NRR populations was 4.6 and 5.9 based on GR50and LD50estimates, respectively. For RR populations, these values were 7.8 to 9.2 for GR50estimates and 19.3 to 22.3 for LD50estimates. A novel use of the Imaging-PAM fluorometer was developed to discriminate RR plants by assessing photosystem II quantum yield across the entire leaf surface. H2O2generation in leaves of glyphosate-treated plants was also measured by 3,3′-diaminobenzidine staining and quantified using imagery analysis software. Results show photo-oxidative stress of mature leaves is far greater and occurs more rapidly following glyphosate treatment in RR plants compared with NRR and glyphosate-susceptible plants and is positively associated with glyphosate dose. These results suggest that under continued glyphosate selection pressure, the RR biotype may surpass the NRR biotype as the predominant form of GR giant ragweed in Indiana due to a higher level of glyphosate resistance. Moreover, the differential photo-oxidative stress patterns in response to glyphosate provide evidence of different mechanisms of resistance present in RR and NRR biotypes.

scholarly journals Influence of Soybean (Glycine max) Population and Herbicide Program on Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control, Soybean Yield, and Economic Return

ISRN Agronomy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Amy E. Hoffner ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
E. James Dunphy ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Herbicide Resistant

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) has become one of the most prominent and difficult weeds to control in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in North Carolina. A survey was conducted in North Carolina during fall 2010 to estimate the magnitude of this problem. Palmer amaranth was present in 39% of 2,512 fields representing 0.24% of soybean ha in North Carolina. In recent years, growers have reduced soybean seeding rates in an effort to decrease production costs associated with technology fees. However, given the increase in prevalence of Palmer amaranth and the difficultly in controlling this weed due to herbicide resistance, growers may need to reconsider reductions in seeding rates. Therefore, research was conducted during 2010 and 2011 to determine if Palmer amaranth control, soybean yield, and economic return were affected by soybean plant population, preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides, and herbicide resistant traits (glufosinate-resistant and glyphosate-resistant cultivars). Applying PRE or POST herbicides and increasing soybean population increased Palmer amaranth control, soybean yield, and economic return when compared with POST herbicides only or when lower soybean populations were present. Efficacy of glufosinate and glyphosate did not vary in most instances, most likely because these herbicides were applied timely, and the frequency of glyphosate resistance did not exceed 10% in these fields.

Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Crop Technology

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Green
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase

New and improved glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops continue to be rapidly developed. These crops confer greater crop safety to multiple glyphosate applications, higher rates, and wider application timings. Many of these crops will also have glyphosate resistance stacked with traits that confer resistance to herbicides with other modes of actions to expand the utility of existing herbicides and to increase the number of mixture options that can delay the evolution of GR weeds. Some breeding stacks of herbicide resistance traits are currently available, but the trend in the future will be to combine resistance genes in molecular stacks. The first example of such a molecular stack has a new metabolically based mechanism to inactivate glyphosate combined with an active site-based resistance for herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). This stack confers resistance to glyphosate and all five classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Other molecular stacks will include glyphosate resistance with resistance to auxin herbicides and herbicides that inhibit acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) and 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). Scientists are also studying a number of other herbicide resistance transgenes. Some of these new transgenes will be used to make new multiple herbicide-resistant crops that offer growers more herbicide options to meet their changing weed management needs and to help sustain the efficacy of glyphosate.

Effects of Momentary Affect on Satisfaction Judgments

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Marko Tončić ◽  
Petra Anić
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Models ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Events Data ◽  
Level Satisfaction ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract. This study aims to examine the effect of affect on satisfaction, both at the between- and the within-person level for momentary assessments. Affect is regarded as an important source of information for life satisfaction judgments. This affective effect on satisfaction is well established at the dispositional level, while at the within-person level it is heavily under-researched. This is true especially for momentary assessments. In this experience sampling study both mood and satisfaction scales were administered five times a day for 7 days via hand-held devices ( N = 74 with 2,122 assessments). Several hierarchical linear models were fitted to the data. Even though the amount of between-person variance was relatively low, both positive and negative affect had substantial effects on momentary satisfaction on the between- and the within-person level as well. The within-person effects of affect on satisfaction appear to be more pronounced than the between-person ones. At the momentary level, the amount of between-person variance is lower than in studies with longer time-frames. The affect-related effects on satisfaction possibly have a curvilinear relationship with the time-frame used, increasing in intensity up to a point and then decreasing again. Such a relationship suggests that, at the momentary level, satisfaction might behave in a more stochastic manner, allowing for transient events/data which are not necessarily affect-related to affect it.

The effect of request time frame on compliance

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Kelly ◽  
Leandre Fabrigar ◽  
Tara MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame

Time Frame Orientation scale

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T. Hunter ◽  
Liliya Cushenbery ◽  
Christian Thoroughgood ◽  
Johanna E. Johson ◽  
Gina Scott Ligon
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Frame Orientation

Coming-of-Age Cinema in New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Fox
Keyword(s):  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
French New Wave ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Zealanders

This book investigates the coming-of-age genre as a significant phenomenon in New Zealand’s national cinema, tracing its development from the 1970s to the present day. A preliminary chapter identifies the characteristics of the coming-of-age film as a genre, tracing its evolution and the influence of the French New Wave and European Art Cinema, and speculating on the role of the genre in the output of national cinemas. Through case studies of fifteen significant films, including The God Boy, Sleeping Dogs, The Scarecrow, Vigil, Mauri, An Angel at My Table, Heavenly Creatures, Once Were Warriors, Rain, Whale Rider, In My Father’s Den, 50 Ways of Saying Fabulous, Boy, Mahana, and Hunt for the Wilderpeople, subsequent chapters examine thematic preoccupations of filmmakers such as the impact of repressive belief systems and social codes, the experience of cultural dislocation, the expression of a Māori perspective through an indigenous “Fourth Cinema,” bicultural relationships, and issues of sexual identity, arguing that these films provide a unique insight into the cultural formation of New Zealanders. Given that the majority of films are adaptations of literary sources, the book also explores the dialogue each film conducts with the nation’s literature, showing how the time frame of each film is updated in a way that allows these films to be considered as a register of important cultural shifts that have occurred as New Zealanders have sought to discover their emerging national identity.

The perils and dangers of these knights (and undead peasants): Interpreting English and Scottish Extent Rolls of 1297–1305

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Compte Rendu ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Sources

Medieval Scottish economic and social history has held little interest for a unionist establishment but, just when a recovery of historic independence begins to seem possible, this paper tackles a (perhaps the) key pre-1424 source. It is compared with a Rutland text, in a context of foreign history, both English and continental. The Berwickshire text is not, as was suggested in 2014, a ‘compte rendu’ but rather an ‘extent’, intended to cross-check such accounts. Read alongside the Rutland roll, it is not even a single ‘compte’ but rather a palimpsest of different sources and times: a possibility beyond earlier editorial imaginings. With content falling (largely) within the time-frame of the PoMS project (although not actually included), when the economic history of Scotland in Europe is properly explored, the sources discussed here will be key and will offer an interesting challenge to interpretation. And some surprises about their nature and date.

Ethical Issues in the Fast Fashion Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 660-665
Author(s):  
Chi Sheh ◽  
◽  
Peng Chan ◽  
Wen Jun Sim ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Literature Reviews

Fast fashion is becoming more and more popular nowadays and this industry is growing rapidly. In order to supply to the big demand of fast fashion clothing, company will need to increase the production of the clothing in shorter time frame. Besides that, to out beat the competitor, company will provide more choices of clothing in cheaper price to the customers. By practicing these actions to increase the business profits, company is behaving unethical to the manufacturer of the cloth. Most consumers are not aware of these ethical issues. This paper is will used and tested the conceptual model of fast fashion business ethics based on literature reviews. The finding from this paper will manifest the “real cost” of a cheap and branded fast fashion clothing and will be supported by real life event that happened. However, after realizing the problems, some company did make some changes and the solutions are stated in the paper as well.

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