scholarly journals Canopy cover and anurans: nutrients are the most important predictor of growth and development

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya E. Rowland ◽  
Sara K. Tuttle ◽  
María J. González ◽  
Michael J. Vanni
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Resource Quality ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Primary Producer ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Potential Food

Bottom-up effects such as the availability of light and nutrients can have large impacts on primary producer quantity and quality, which is then translated into the growth and development of consumers. The use of “canopy cover” as a bottom-up predictive factor is a broad categorization, as canopy cover controls both the amount of light allowed into a pond and the nutrient load through leaf litter. To test how light and nutrients influence pond ecosystems, we manipulated inorganic nutrients and light in a 2 × 3 full-factorial, large-scale mesocosm experiment. Larval American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)) were reared for 6 weeks at low densities and then assessed for development, growth, and survival at the end of the experiment. We also collected weekly samples of potential food resources (phytoplankton and periphyton) for the estimation of algal production and stoichiometric quality (carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus). Light had strong effects on food resource quality; however, resource quality did not significantly predict tadpole growth or development. Instead, nutrients seemed to be the most important factor as a stimulator of total algal primary production and some unknown pathway, which in turn affected tadpole development. Ours is the first study to investigate canopy cover using a comprehensive causal model, and our results suggest in regards to tadpole growth and development, canopy cover is important mainly as a source of nutrients to ponds.

PROTOTIPE APLIKASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR KELEMBABAN TANAH BERBASIS MICRO CONTOLLER ATMEGA 328

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Rudi Budi Agung ◽  
Muhammad Nur ◽  
Didi Sukayadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Sensor Development ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Working Principle

The Indonesian country which is famous for its tropical climate has now experienced a shift in two seasons (dry season and rainy season). This has an impact on cropping and harvesting systems among farmers. In large scale this is very influential considering that farmers in Indonesia are stilldependent on rainfall which results in soil moisture. Some types of plants that are very dependent on soil moisture will greatly require rainfall or water for growth and development. Through this research, researchers tried to make a prototype application for watering plants using ATMEGA328 microcontroller based soil moisture sensor. Development of application systems using the prototype method as a simple method which is the first step and can be developed again for large scale. The working principle of this prototype is simply that when soil moisture reaches a certainthreshold (above 56%) then the system will work by activating the watering system, if it is below 56% the system does not work or in other words soil moisture is considered sufficient for certain plant needs.

Plant hormones, plant growth regulators

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Végvári ◽  
Edina Vidéki
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
And Function

Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

scholarly journals Estimating CO2 Emissions from Large Scale Coal-Fired Power Plants Using OCO-2 Observations and Emission Inventories

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Yaqin Hu ◽  
Yusheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Bottom Up

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased rapidly worldwide, aggravating the global greenhouse effect, and coal-fired power plants are one of the biggest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions in China. However, efficient methods that can quantify CO2 emissions from individual coal-fired power plants with high accuracy are needed. In this study, we estimated the CO2 emissions of large-scale coal-fired power plants using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite data based on remote sensing inversions and bottom-up methods. First, we mapped the distribution of coal-fired power plants, displaying the total installed capacity, and identified two appropriate targets, the Waigaoqiao and Qinbei power plants in Shanghai and Henan, respectively. Then, an improved Gaussian plume model method was applied for CO2 emission estimations, with input parameters including the geographic coordinates of point sources, wind vectors from the atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate, and OCO-2 observations. The application of the Gaussian model was improved by using wind data with higher temporal and spatial resolutions, employing the physically based unit conversion method, and interpolating OCO-2 observations into different resolutions. Consequently, CO2 emissions were estimated to be 23.06 ± 2.82 (95% CI) Mt/yr using the Gaussian model and 16.28 Mt/yr using the bottom-up method for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, and 14.58 ± 3.37 (95% CI) and 14.08 Mt/yr for the Qinbei Power Plant, respectively. These estimates were compared with three standard databases for validation: the Carbon Monitoring for Action database, the China coal-fired Power Plant Emissions Database, and the Carbon Brief database. The comparison found that previous emission inventories spanning different time frames might have overestimated the CO2 emissions of one of two Chinese power plants on the two days that the measurements were made. Our study contributes to quantifying CO2 emissions from point sources and helps in advancing satellite-based monitoring techniques of emission sources in the future; this helps in reducing errors due to human intervention in bottom-up statistical methods.

scholarly journals Estimating Forest Canopy Cover by Multiscale Remote Sensing in Northeast Jiangxi, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Xiaolan Huang ◽  
Weicheng Wu ◽  
Tingting Shen ◽  
Lifeng Xie ◽  
Yaozu Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Landsat Data ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Modis Ndvi ◽  
Tree Canopy Cover

This research was focused on estimation of tree canopy cover (CC) by multiscale remote sensing in south China. The key aim is to establish the relationship between CC and woody NDVI (NDVIW) or to build a CC-NDVIW model taking northeast Jiangxi as an example. Based on field CC measurements, this research used Google Earth as a complementary source to measure CC. In total, 63 sample plots of CC were created, among which 45 were applied for modeling and the remaining 18 were employed for verification. In order to ascertain the ratio R of NDVIW to the satellite observed NDVI, a 20-year time-series MODIS NDVI dataset was utilized for decomposition to obtain the NDVIW component, and then the ratio R was calculated with the equation R = (NDVIW/NDVI) *100%, respectively, for forest (CC >60%), medium woodland (CC = 25–60%) and sparse woodland (CC 1–25%). Landsat TM and OLI images that had been orthorectified by the provider USGS were atmospherically corrected using the COST model and used to derive NDVIL. R was multiplied for the NDVIL image to extract the woody NDVI (NDVIWL) from Landsat data for each of these plots. The 45 plots of CC data were linearly fitted to the NDVIWL, and a model with CC = 103.843 NDVIW + 6.157 (R2 = 0.881) was obtained. This equation was applied to predict CC at the 18 verification plots and a good agreement was found (R2 = 0.897). This validated CC-NDVIW model was further applied to the woody NDVI of forest, medium woodland and sparse woodland derived from Landsat data for regional CC estimation. An independent group of 24 measured plots was utilized for validation of the results, and an accuracy of 83.0% was obtained. Thence, the developed model has high predictivity and is suitable for large-scale estimation of CC using high-resolution data.

“Forward to David the Builder!” Georgia's (re)turn to language-centered nationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christofer Berglund
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Past ◽  
Building Project ◽  
The Rose ◽  
State Language

After the Rose Revolution, President Saakashvili tried to move away from the exclusionary nationalism of the past, which had poisoned relations between Georgians and their Armenian and Azerbaijani compatriots. His government instead sought to foster an inclusionary nationalism, wherein belonging was contingent upon speaking the state language and all Georgian speakers, irrespective of origin, were to be equals. This article examines this nation-building project from a top-down and bottom-up lens. I first argue that state officials took rigorous steps to signal that Georgian-speaking minorities were part of the national fabric, but failed to abolish religious and historical barriers to their inclusion. I next utilize a large-scale, matched-guise experiment (n= 792) to explore if adolescent Georgians ostracize Georgian-speaking minorities or embrace them as their peers. I find that the upcoming generation of Georgians harbor attitudes in line with Saakashvili's language-centered nationalism, and that current Georgian nationalism therefore is more inclusionary than previous research, or Georgia's tumultuous past, would lead us to believe.

Bacterial Multicellularity: The Biology of Escherichia coli Building Large-Scale Biofilm Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego O. Serra ◽  
Regine Hengge
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Chemical Gradients ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
Scale Matrix

Biofilms are a widespread multicellular form of bacterial life. The spatial structure and emergent properties of these communities depend on a polymeric extracellular matrix architecture that is orders of magnitude larger than the cells that build it. Using as a model the wrinkly macrocolony biofilms of Escherichia coli, which contain amyloid curli fibers and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN)-modified cellulose as matrix components, we summarize here the structure, building, and function of this large-scale matrix architecture. Based on different sigma and other transcription factors as well as second messengers, the underlying regulatory network reflects the fundamental trade-off between growth and survival. It controls matrix production spatially in response to long-range chemical gradients, but it also generates distinct patterns of short-range matrix heterogeneity that are crucial for tissue-like elasticity and macroscopic morphogenesis. Overall, these biofilms confer protection and a potential for homeostasis, thereby reducing maintenance energy, which makes multicellularity an emergent property of life itself. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Nutrition For Healthy Infants And Toddlers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Collier ◽  
Jenny Kinne
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Key Words Breast ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Varied Diet ◽  
Feeding Skills ◽  
Potential Food

Feeding and eating are essential to life. As the infant grows into a toddler, the child goes through transitions with feeding, starting with breast milk or formula, transitioning to complementary feeding between the ages of 4 and 6 months, and then advancing to table foods. It is important to provide adequate nutrition to meet the growing needs of the child from a macronutrient and micronutrient standpoint through infancy to childhood. Throughout this time, anthropometric measurements are obtained to assess proper growth. Feeding is a dynamic part of a child’s life that varies at each stage of childhood, which comes with challenges such as avoiding choking hazards, preventing potential food allergies, providing a varied diet to meet macronutrient and micronutrient needs, and supporting advancement in textures for appropriate development of feeding skills and avoiding issues with picky eating. Providing proper nutrition from quality, quantity, and texture standpoints at each stage of childhood is essential to ensure adequate nutrition to promote healthy and expected growth and development.   This review contains 4 figures, 10 tables and 43 references Key words: breast milk, complementary feeding, food, food safety, formula, growth, infant, micronutrients, neophobia, nutrition, oral health, physical activity, toddler

scholarly journals Bottom–Up Electrodeposition of Large-Scale Nanotwinned Copper within 3D Through Silicon Via

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-Long Sun ◽  
Zhi-Quan Liu ◽  
Cai-Fu Li ◽  
Qing-Sheng Zhu ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Through Silicon Via

scholarly journals Climate Dialog, Climate Action: Can Democracy Do the Job?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Young Phillips ◽  
LaVonne Reimer ◽  
Rebecca Turner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Ipcc Report ◽  
Climate Action

The latest IPCC report forcefully states that immediate, decisive, and large-scale actions are needed to avert climate catastrophe. This essay presumes that democratic governments are best and most desirably positioned to take these actions. Yet in the countries most pivotal to global climate, significant voting blocs are uninterested in environmental issues. The essay urges adding bottom-up dialog between environmental and anti-environmental voters, to current and future top-down technocratic “solutions.” To make this combination result in a unified pro-environment electorate, we must understand: religious objections to environmentalism; the capital-vs.-knowledge strife that slows polluting corporations’ green transitions; and the psychological mechanisms that can make inter-group dialog fruitful.

Large-Scale Patterning and Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes by Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Liu ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
Qiu Quan Guo ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sample Solution ◽  
Hydrodynamic Focusing ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
General Pathway ◽  
Efficient Integration

Efficient integration of synthetic nanotubes/nanowires into functional nanodevices by bottom-up approaches is the key of mass production of nanodevices, and is still a big challenge. Here we present a simple microfluidic method of patterning and aligning a large scale of carbon nanotubes by hydrodynamic focusing: the sample solution carrying carbon nanotubes were hydrodynamically controlled by the sheath flows. This method can be used to align and position both a large scale of nanotubes and a few lines of nanotubes to designated positions, offering a general pathway for assembly of nanosystems.

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