Early marine growth of juvenile Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye salmon abundance

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1499-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skip McKinnell ◽  
Maxine Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Average Survival

Mortality of salmon in the ocean is considered to be greatest during the first few months and that its magnitude is an inverse of growth. First year marine growth (M1) in two Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) populations was positively correlated, reflecting a shared oceanic experience as postsmolts. M1 declined abruptly in both populations after 1977, corresponding to a well-documented change in climate. The reduction in average M1 was not accompanied by a detectable reduction in average survival. In both populations, M1 was significantly greater in even years when juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) are abundant in the Strait of Georgia, suggesting that interspecific competition there has little effect on M1. All correlations of M1 with regional pink salmon or sockeye salmon abundances, lagged to align ocean entry years, were negative, but few (pink) or none (sockeye) were statistically significant. The negative correlations were due to the long-term changes (pink salmon abundance increasing, sockeye M1 smaller). Odd year dominance of juvenile pink salmon in northern British Columbia, Canada, is persistent and corresponds with the biennial pattern of M1 variation in Fraser River sockeye salmon and may be the source of the significant odd–even year line effect on M1.

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migratory energetics: response to migratory difficulty and comparisons with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1986-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
G T Crossin ◽  
S G Hinch ◽  
A P Farrell ◽  
M P Whelly ◽  
M C Healey
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are generally considered weak upriver migrants relative to sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), though this assertion is largely anecdotal. To assess energy-use patterns during migration, we collected pink salmon from two major Fraser River stocks (Weaver and Seton in British Columbia, Canada) in 1999 at three times and locations: (1) at the start of freshwater migration, (2) at the end of migration before spawning, and (3) immediately after spawning. We calculated the energy content of somatic and reproductive tissues, recorded several body measurements, and conducted both intraspecific (between pink stocks) and interspecific analyses with co-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon collected during the same season. We found that between pink salmon stocks, there were no significant energetic or morphological differences either at river entry or upon arrival at spawning areas regardless of the level of migratory difficulty encountered. When compared with sockeye salmon, however, we found that pink salmon began upriver migration with significantly smaller somatic energy reserves but made up for this deficiency by minimizing absolute transport and activity costs, presumably by seeking out migratory paths of least resistance. This energetic efficiency comes at a cost to reproductive output: relative to sockeye salmon, pink salmon diverted less absolute energy to egg production, producing smaller ovaries and fewer eggs. We speculate that fundamental differences in behaviour shape the migratory energetic tactics employed by pink salmon.

Energetic costs of migration through the Fraser River Canyon, British Columbia, in adult pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon as assessed by EMG telemetry

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1809-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Standen ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Michael C Healey ◽  
Anthony P Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Lower Velocity

Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) depend on energy reserves to complete their upriver spawning migration. Little is known about how flow patterns and bank characteristics affect energetics or how species differ in reach-specific energy use. In 1999, electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry was used to describe activity levels and estimate energy use of 12 adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) during their upstream migration in a 7-km section of the Fraser River Canyon. Data collected previously on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the same study area provided a species comparison. We could not identify any strong differences in energetics between species. Although sex had some influence, reach characteristics were the primary factors affecting migration activity and energetics. Fish increased their activity levels when they migrated through reaches constricted by islands or gravel bars compared with nonconstricted reaches. The former contained higher velocity currents and more complex hydraulic conditions than the latter. Two behavioural responses, with similar energetic consequences, occurred in constricted reaches. Either fish swam slowly and took more time, presumably searching for lower velocity areas for migration thus increasing passage time, or they swam quickly through higher velocity flow fields.

Temperature effects on swimming performance, energetics, and aerobic capacities of mature adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) compared with those of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan J MacNutt ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Chris G Lee ◽  
James R Phibbs ◽  
Andrew G Lotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We assessed the prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit), metabolic rate (M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max), and oxygen cost of transport (COT) for upper Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792); 53.5 ± 0.7 cm FL) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792); 59.3 ± 0.8 cm FL) across a range of naturally occurring river temperatures using large Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers. Pink salmon were capable of similar relative critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as sockeye salmon (2.25 FL·s–1), but sockeye salmon swam to a higher absolute Ucrit (125.9 cm·s–1) than pink salmon (116.4 cm·s–1) because of their larger size. Nevertheless, three individual pink salmon (Ucrit-max = 173.6 cm·s–1) swam faster than any sockeye salmon (Ucrit-max = 157.0 cm·s–1), indicating that pink salmon are far better swimmers than has been previously assumed. Metabolic rate increased exponentially with swimming speed in both species and was highest for pink salmon, but swimming efficiency (i.e., COT) did not differ between species at their optimal swimming speeds. The upper and lower limits of metabolism did not differ between species and both M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max increased exponentially with temperature, but aerobic costs of transport were independent of temperature in both species. Strong thermal dependence of both swimming performance and COT were expected but not demonstrated in either species. Overall, a higher degree of inter-individual variability in pink salmon swim performance and capacity suggests that this species might not be as locally adapted to particular river migration conditions as are sockeye salmon.

A Technique for Prolonged Blood Sampling in Free-Swimming Salmon

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynwood S. Smith ◽  
Gordon R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Cannulation Technique

A technique is described for insertion of a cannula in the dorsal aorta of salmon for long-term blood sampling or vascular injection while the fish is confined, but free-swimming. Previous methods for single injections into the dorsal aorta are improved by a modified cannulation technique. The practicality of the technique was tested by introducing Evans Blue (T-1824) into the dorsal aorta of immature pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in sea water and mature sockeye salmon (O. nerka) in fresh water to make preliminary estimates of blood volumes. It was shown that the technique can also be applied to angiography of salmon.

Use of the stratified-Petersen estimator in fisheries management: estimating the number of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) spawners in the Fraser River

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl James Schwarz ◽  
Carolyn Gail Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Differential Migration ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Recent Developments

The simple-Petersen estimator is a well-known mark-recapture method to estimate animal abundance. Two key assumptions are equal catchability in both samples and complete mixing of tagged and untagged animals. If these are violated, severe bias can occur. The stratified-Petersen estimator can be used to account for some of the heterogeneity in catchability or mixing. In this paper, we first review recent developments in the stratified-Petersen experiment for fisheries audiences and demonstrate some of the practical problems that can occur that have not been discussed in the theoretical literature. Second, we present a case study to estimate the gross escapement of Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in 1991. The motivation for this study is a discrepancy of over 5 million fish between the estimates as derived by the Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC) (7.5 million fish based on a hydroacoustic method) and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Canada (13.0 million fish based on a mark-recapture method). One hypothesis put forward was that the discrepancy may be due to the use of a pooled-Petersen estimator when there is differential migration over time. The stratified-Petersen model suggests that little of this discrepancy can be explained by differential migration.

The influence of population dynamics and environmental conditions on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) recolonization after barrier removal in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 970-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Pess ◽  
R. Hilborn ◽  
K. Kloehn ◽  
T.P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
River System ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Barrier Removal

When barriers are removed, what biotic and abiotic factors determine how fish populations will colonize newly available habitats? We used counts of adult pink salmon ( Oncorhywnchus gorbuscha ) from 1947 to 1987 in 66 streams of the Fraser River system, British Columbia, Canada, to determine when colonizing pink salmon populations became self-sustaining after a long-term migration blockage at Hell’s Gate (river kilometre 209) was reduced. The abundance of salmon in available habitats were largely controlled by extrinsic factors such as an initially large source population, high intrinsic growth rates linked to favorable climate-driven conditions, a constant supply of dispersers, and large amounts of newly available habitat. Temporal variation in flows at Hell’s Gate also affected recolonization success. Self-sustaining populations were developed within years of barrier removal and have continued to help expand the overall population of Fraser River pink salmon. However, pink salmon were considerably more abundant in the early 1900s than in the 1980s (∼48 million vs. ∼2.7 million), and the majority of spawning shifted from the historic areas above Hell’s Gate prior to the rockslide to below Hell’s Gate in the lower Fraser River after the long-term blockage was reduced, so the system has not returned to the former abundance and distribution patterns.

Transplantation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) into Masset inlet, British Columbia, in the Barren Years

1938 ◽  
Vol 4a (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
River Fishery

In 1931, 1933, 1935, odd-numbered years, when no natural runs of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) occur in the Masset area, British Columbia, transfers of eggs were made from the Tlell river on the east coast of Graham island to McClinton creek, a tributary of Masset inlet. The following free-swimming fry were released: from the 1931 experiment—753,646 normal and 124,002 "marked" by the removal of the adipose and left ventral fins, and from that of 1935—397,657 normal and 108,200 "marked" by the removal of the adipose and right ventral fins. From the former, 40 "marked" adults were recovered in the Fraser river fishery in 1933, and from the latter four "marked" adults at McClinton creek in 1937. In the 1933 experiment 540,294 eyed eggs were planted but these were destroyed by freshets the following winter. Possible reasons for the failure of these experiments and the absolute blank in the "off" years are suggested.

Possible Effects of the Sitka Eddy on Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Migration off Southeast Alaska

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hamilton ◽  
Lawrence A. Mysak
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Northeast Pacific Ocean

The interannual variability of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) catches during 1952–62 from southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia is examined in relation to the appearance and disappearance of the Sitka eddy in the offshore oceanic circulation. In years when this large (~300 km in diameter) and intense (surface currents ~0.5 m/s) vortex is present, the spawning migration routes of salmon returning to the Nass and Skeena rivers tend to be deflected southward. An analysis of salmon tagging data collected during 1957 (when the eddy was absent) and 1958 (when the eddy was present) supports this conclusion. The southward deflection during 1958 is a particularly interesting result in light of many other observations which show that several fish species were displaced northward during the 1958 warming of the northeast Pacific Ocean.

Estimating Stock Composition of Migrating Juvenile Fraser River (British Columbia) Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, Using Parasites as Natural Tags

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Bailey ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
C. Groot
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Natural Tags ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
The Individual

Simulated mixtures of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were constructed using parasite data to represent proportionally the major component stocks of Fraser River and Lake Washington sockeye migrating within the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, in 1982–84. Samples of migrating juveniles were also collected from Bedwell Harbour, South Pender Island, British Columbia, each year and analyzed for parasites and stock composition. The compositions of simulated and sample mixtures were estimated using a maximum likelihood stock composition model. Simulated mixture compositions were accurately estimated for most stocks for all year-classes. When significant misassignment occurred between stocks, the stocks were analyzed as a complex using the allocate-sum procedure. Sample mixture estimates correctly identified the dominant stock for each year-class, although for 1984 the dominant group was determined as a complex of three stocks because the individual stocks were not distinguishable. The results indicate that it is feasible to use parasites as natural tags to estimate stock compositions of migrating juvenile sockeye salmon in the Strait of Georgia.

Coastal Movements of Mature Fraser River Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) as Revealed by Ultrasonic Tracking

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1309-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Stasko ◽  
R. M. Horrall ◽  
A. D. Hasler ◽  
D. Stasko
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Tidal Currents ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Release Point ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Ground Speed ◽  
The North ◽  
Active Fish ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking

Eleven mature pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were tracked in September 1967 for periods of 3–50 hr over distances from 2 to 127 km to determine migration patterns.The fish were classified as "active" or "passive." Active fish moved faster and their paths were straighter. Active tracks ended distant from and to the north (toward the Fraser River) of the release point; passive tracks ended near or south of the release point. Active fish did not follow shorelines, but travelled primarily along the axes of tidal currents. They moved both with the northward flood and against the southward ebb currents, during day and at night. Average ground speed of active fish was 62 cm/sec (2.2 km/hr).

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