Temperature effects on swimming performance, energetics, and aerobic capacities of mature adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) compared with those of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan J MacNutt ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Chris G Lee ◽  
James R Phibbs ◽  
Andrew G Lotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We assessed the prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit), metabolic rate (M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max), and oxygen cost of transport (COT) for upper Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792); 53.5 ± 0.7 cm FL) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792); 59.3 ± 0.8 cm FL) across a range of naturally occurring river temperatures using large Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers. Pink salmon were capable of similar relative critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as sockeye salmon (2.25 FL·s–1), but sockeye salmon swam to a higher absolute Ucrit (125.9 cm·s–1) than pink salmon (116.4 cm·s–1) because of their larger size. Nevertheless, three individual pink salmon (Ucrit-max = 173.6 cm·s–1) swam faster than any sockeye salmon (Ucrit-max = 157.0 cm·s–1), indicating that pink salmon are far better swimmers than has been previously assumed. Metabolic rate increased exponentially with swimming speed in both species and was highest for pink salmon, but swimming efficiency (i.e., COT) did not differ between species at their optimal swimming speeds. The upper and lower limits of metabolism did not differ between species and both M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max increased exponentially with temperature, but aerobic costs of transport were independent of temperature in both species. Strong thermal dependence of both swimming performance and COT were expected but not demonstrated in either species. Overall, a higher degree of inter-individual variability in pink salmon swim performance and capacity suggests that this species might not be as locally adapted to particular river migration conditions as are sockeye salmon.

Early marine growth of juvenile Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye salmon abundance

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1499-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skip McKinnell ◽  
Maxine Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Average Survival

Mortality of salmon in the ocean is considered to be greatest during the first few months and that its magnitude is an inverse of growth. First year marine growth (M1) in two Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) populations was positively correlated, reflecting a shared oceanic experience as postsmolts. M1 declined abruptly in both populations after 1977, corresponding to a well-documented change in climate. The reduction in average M1 was not accompanied by a detectable reduction in average survival. In both populations, M1 was significantly greater in even years when juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) are abundant in the Strait of Georgia, suggesting that interspecific competition there has little effect on M1. All correlations of M1 with regional pink salmon or sockeye salmon abundances, lagged to align ocean entry years, were negative, but few (pink) or none (sockeye) were statistically significant. The negative correlations were due to the long-term changes (pink salmon abundance increasing, sockeye M1 smaller). Odd year dominance of juvenile pink salmon in northern British Columbia, Canada, is persistent and corresponds with the biennial pattern of M1 variation in Fraser River sockeye salmon and may be the source of the significant odd–even year line effect on M1.

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migratory energetics: response to migratory difficulty and comparisons with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1986-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
G T Crossin ◽  
S G Hinch ◽  
A P Farrell ◽  
M P Whelly ◽  
M C Healey
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are generally considered weak upriver migrants relative to sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), though this assertion is largely anecdotal. To assess energy-use patterns during migration, we collected pink salmon from two major Fraser River stocks (Weaver and Seton in British Columbia, Canada) in 1999 at three times and locations: (1) at the start of freshwater migration, (2) at the end of migration before spawning, and (3) immediately after spawning. We calculated the energy content of somatic and reproductive tissues, recorded several body measurements, and conducted both intraspecific (between pink stocks) and interspecific analyses with co-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon collected during the same season. We found that between pink salmon stocks, there were no significant energetic or morphological differences either at river entry or upon arrival at spawning areas regardless of the level of migratory difficulty encountered. When compared with sockeye salmon, however, we found that pink salmon began upriver migration with significantly smaller somatic energy reserves but made up for this deficiency by minimizing absolute transport and activity costs, presumably by seeking out migratory paths of least resistance. This energetic efficiency comes at a cost to reproductive output: relative to sockeye salmon, pink salmon diverted less absolute energy to egg production, producing smaller ovaries and fewer eggs. We speculate that fundamental differences in behaviour shape the migratory energetic tactics employed by pink salmon.

Sea lice infection of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): effects on swimming performance and postexercise ion balance

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nendick ◽  
M. Sackville ◽  
S. Tang ◽  
C. J. Brauner ◽  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Average Body Mass

Sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) infection negatively affected swimming performance and postswim body ion concentrations of juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) at a 0.34 g average body mass but not at 1.1 g. Maximum swimming velocity (Umax) was measured on over 350 individual pink salmon (0.2–3.0 g), two-thirds of which had a sea lice infection varying in intensity (one to three sea lice per fish) and life stage (chalimus 1 to preadult). For fish averaging 0.34 g (caught in a nearby river free of sea lice and transferred to seawater before being experimentally infected), the significant reduction in Umax was dependent on sea lice life stage, not intensity, and Umax decreased only after the chalimus 2 life stage. Experimental infections also significantly elevated postswim whole body concentrations of sodium (by 23%–28%) and chloride (by 22%–32%), but independent of sea lice developmental stage or infection intensity. For fish averaging 1.1 g (captured in seawater with existing sea lice), the presence of sea lice had no significant effect on either Umax or postswim whole body ions. Thus, a single L. salmonis impacted swimming performance and postswim whole body ions of only the smallest pink salmon and with a sea louse stage of chalimus 3 or greater.

Possible Effects of the Sitka Eddy on Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Migration off Southeast Alaska

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hamilton ◽  
Lawrence A. Mysak
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Northeast Pacific Ocean

The interannual variability of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) catches during 1952–62 from southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia is examined in relation to the appearance and disappearance of the Sitka eddy in the offshore oceanic circulation. In years when this large (~300 km in diameter) and intense (surface currents ~0.5 m/s) vortex is present, the spawning migration routes of salmon returning to the Nass and Skeena rivers tend to be deflected southward. An analysis of salmon tagging data collected during 1957 (when the eddy was absent) and 1958 (when the eddy was present) supports this conclusion. The southward deflection during 1958 is a particularly interesting result in light of many other observations which show that several fish species were displaced northward during the 1958 warming of the northeast Pacific Ocean.

scholarly journals TRAUMATIZATION BY LAMPREYS OF SOCKEYE SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA (WALBAUM, 1792) IN THE MEYNYPIL’GYN LAKE-RIVER SYSTEM (KORYAK COAST OF CHUKOTKA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
E. V. Golub’ ◽  
A. P. Golub’
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Far East ◽  
River System ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Arctic Lamprey

Data on traumatization of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka spawners in the Meynypil’gyn lake-river system by lampreys are presented on results of observations in 1998– 2018. Features and localization of injuries are described comparing the injuries of males and females and biological parameters of fish with and without the injuries. In the Meynypil’gyn lake-river system, relative to other areas of Russian Far East, the portion of fish with injuries from lampreys is medium for sockeye salmon, and low for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and charr Salvеlinus malma. Judging by size of the wounds, the injuries were caused mostly by arctic lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus. Generally, about 68 % of sockeye spawners were attacked by lampreys during their pre-spawning migrations just before entering the fresh waters, but the percentage (P) depends on length (L) of fish: P = 1.2026 . L + 1.2192 (R2 = 0.879). So, the portion of injured fish increased from 2.7 % for the sockeye producers with length < 500 mm to 31.2 % for those with length 671–680 mm. Mean size and weight of the male and female sockeye spawners with traces of lampreys were statistically significantly higher than these parameters for the fish without injuries. The males injured by lampreys were larger than the males without injures in 18 mm and 295 g, the females — in 5 mm and 80 g, on average. Sockeye females had weaker and less numerous damages, so their portion among the fish with 1 injury was 45.4 %, among the fish with 2 injuries — 42.9 %, among the fish with 3 or more injures — 37.0 %. Besides, mean size of the injured sockeye increased with a number of injures and for the groups with 1, 2, and 3 or more injures it was for females: 604, 608, and 613 mm, for males: 655, 667, and 674 mm, respectively. Such dependencies of alive fish traumatization on their size are caused by higher mortality of small fish after lampreys attacks. There is concluded that arctic lamprey affects significantly on sexual and size composition of sockeye spawners in the Meynypil’gyn lake-river system providing selection of fish with larger size and weight, in particular males.

Energetic costs of migration through the Fraser River Canyon, British Columbia, in adult pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon as assessed by EMG telemetry

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1809-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Standen ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Michael C Healey ◽  
Anthony P Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Lower Velocity

Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) depend on energy reserves to complete their upriver spawning migration. Little is known about how flow patterns and bank characteristics affect energetics or how species differ in reach-specific energy use. In 1999, electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry was used to describe activity levels and estimate energy use of 12 adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) during their upstream migration in a 7-km section of the Fraser River Canyon. Data collected previously on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the same study area provided a species comparison. We could not identify any strong differences in energetics between species. Although sex had some influence, reach characteristics were the primary factors affecting migration activity and energetics. Fish increased their activity levels when they migrated through reaches constricted by islands or gravel bars compared with nonconstricted reaches. The former contained higher velocity currents and more complex hydraulic conditions than the latter. Two behavioural responses, with similar energetic consequences, occurred in constricted reaches. Either fish swam slowly and took more time, presumably searching for lower velocity areas for migration thus increasing passage time, or they swam quickly through higher velocity flow fields.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) following Exposure to Five Aquaculture Chemotherapeutants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charanveer Sahota ◽  
Kassia Hyek ◽  
Brady Surbey ◽  
Chris Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry

Abstract Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: HP (227 [138–418] mg/L), EB (1090 [676–2006] µg/L), AZ (80 [52–161] µg/L), CP (5.1 [3.0-10.5] µg/L), and DM (980 [640–1800] ng/L). In subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests, LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) in order of least to most toxic were: EB (2065 [1384–3720] µg/kg), CP (97 [58–190] µg/kg), and DM (1035 [640–2000] ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; fish avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Significant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 168 h). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Significant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.

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