Changes in Glycogen and Lactate Levels in Migrating Salmonid Fishes Ascending Experimental "Endless" Fishways

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne R. Connor ◽  
Carl H. Elling ◽  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Gerald B. Collins ◽  
Joseph R. Gauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Muscle Lactate

Certain aspects of the performance and biochemistry of adult migrating salmonid fishes were investigated during ascents of 1:16- and 1:8-slope experimental fishways which employed locking devices permitting the simulation of fishways of any length. Fish tested were chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), sockeye salmon (O. nerka) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) diverted from their upstream migration on the Columbia river at the Bonneville dam fishways during the summer of 1959. Blood and muscle lactate, and muscle and liver glycogen levels were determined in control fish, and in fish following three types of activity. Records of individual performance were kept.All species were willing to enter and capable of ascending fishways of either slope up to 1000 ft in height under favourable hydraulic conditions. Blood lactate and muscle glycogen determinations revealed the degree of exercise to be moderate even during prolonged ascents. Moderately high ascents (about 100 ft) in the steeper fishway apparently required the expenditure of some muscle glycogen whereas similar ascents in the 1:16 fishway did not. When muscle glycogen was utilized during prolonged ascents the expenditure appeared to be progressive. All species were apparently able to adapt to prolonged ascents of either fishway. Certain fish of each species tended to stop moving of their own volition in both fishways. After a 60-min volitional stop some evidence of recovery from the effects of exercise was observed. Discussion of the above data is presented.

scholarly journals The Effect of Intermittent Exercise on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Severe Exercise

The effect of intermittent severe exercise of short duration on carbohydrate metabolism was examined using unanesthetized, intact rainbow trout. The levels of muscle glycogen, muscle lactate, blood lactate, and liver glycogen were determined in fish sampled immediately after severe exercise of 3 sec to 5 min, after recovery of 3 min to 60 min, and after re-exercise of 3 sec to 5 min. It appears that rainbow trout are not well adapted to tolerate frequent exercise of short duration.

Comparative gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from salmonid fishes

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Mommsen
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Endogenous Glucose Production ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria

Rates of gluconeogenic flux and substrate oxidation are assessed in isolated hepatocytes from three species of salmonid fishes: rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Coho salmon displays the highest capacity for gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but rates are well below those of eels. Enzyme compartmentation on isolated mitochondria shows that in trout and sockeye, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is almost entirely localized in the mitochondrion and the cytosol, respectively, while in the coho, 40% of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity is associated with the cytosol. Freshly isolated salmonid hepatocytes are in negative glycogen balance. It is established here that at low (<250 μmol glucosyl units/g) glycogen concentrations a linear relationship exists between the rate of endogenous glucose production and the initial glycogen concentration. High rates of endogenous glycogen breakdown necessitate the use of radiotracers for determining gluconeogenic fluxes in fish hepatocytes. Rates of gluconeogenesis calculated from radiolabel experiments are compared with nonlabelled lactate and are determined not to be significantly different from each other. It is concluded that in fish hepatocytes, (i) radiotracer experiments give accurate estimates of gluconeogenesis, (ii) dilution of label at the oxalacetate level is insignificant, and, consequently, (iii) rates of 14CO2 production are a valid measure of true substrate oxidation.

Alterations in Glycogen, Glucose and Lactate in Rainbow and Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Following Muscular Activity

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Anne C. Robertson ◽  
Arthur R. Hanslip ◽  
Wing-Gay Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
Lactate Levels

Rainbow trout [Formula: see text] years old (fall spawners) raised in the hatchery at Summerland, B.C., and 2-year-old mature spawning Kamloops trout (spring spawners) captured from Lake Okanagan, were subjected to 15 minutes strenuous exercise. Muscle glycogen was depleted in both groups. Following 30 minutes of moderate activity, muscle glycogen remained high in the [Formula: see text]-year-old trout. Liver glycogen levels were not significantly lowered during either strenuous or moderate exercise. Blood lactate levels were markedly elevated during 15 min of strenuous exercise and continued to rise for 2 hours of post-exercise recovery in both groups of fish. In the [Formula: see text]-year-old trout, blood lactate declined to resting levels at about the 8th hour of recovery, and was increased 3-fold following 30 min of moderate activity. Blood glucose and hemoglobin were not significantly altered during either strenuous or moderate activity.In the [Formula: see text]-year-old trout, starvation of up to 7 days duration resulted in a marked depletion of liver glycogen. There was little change in muscle glycogen, blood lactate, glucose or hemoglobin, regardless of whether or not the fish had been exercised at the beginning of the starvation period. Feeding during the period of recovery from 15 min of strenuous exercise resulted in increases in both muscle and liver glycogen levels.

The wave-drag hypothesis: an explanation for size-based lateral segregation during the upstream migration of salmonids

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wave Drag ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Drag Model ◽  
Migration Corridor ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
Maximum Body ◽  
Lateral Segregation

During their spawning migration, large salmon, e.g., chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), swim upstream further from the bank than smaller ones, e.g., sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka). This pattern is counterintuitive because natural selection should favor behavior that minimizes migration costs, yet by traveling further from the bank, large fish will have to swim against faster currents. Existing theory predicts that they will expend more energy than necessary as a result. One explanation for this apparently paradoxical behavior is that large fish swim further from the bank to avoid wave drag, the resistance associated with the generation of surface waves when swimming close to the surface. Wave drag was incorporated into existing theory, and the resulting model was tested to determine whether it explained size-based lateral segregation of chinook and sockeye salmon in the Nushagak River, Alaska. The wave-drag model accurately predicted the migration corridor for both species. Existing theory worked well for sockeye but not for chinook. The key to these predictions is that wave drag scales according the ratio of maximum body diameter to submergence depth, so bigger fish need to swim deeper to escape its effects.

Catecholamine and Carbohydrate Concentrations in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Physical Disturbance

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakano ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Physical Disturbance ◽  
High Liver

In rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) blood plasma concentrations of adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NAD), and liver and heart concentrations of AD increased in response to severe physical disturbance. Skeletal muscle and anterior kidney concentrations of AD and NAD did not change detectably. Maximum plasma concentrations observed during disturbance of the fish were 0.20–0.36 μg AD and 0.05–0.09 μg NAD/ml. These plasma concentrations decreased relatively rapidly during recovery of the fish.Plasma glucose concentrations increased in response to disturbance, the magnitude and duration of the hyperglycemia being greater in those fish with initially high liver glycogen reserves. Liver glycogen concentrations in those fish with initially high (ca. 7%) concentrations apparently decreased in response to disturbance and increased during recovery of the fish, but no change was detected in liver glycogen concentrations in fish in which they were initially low (ca. 2.5%). Heart and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations decreased in response to disturbance and increased during recovery.In skeletal muscle, the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate and the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form increased in response to disturbance of the fish and decreased thereafter.

scholarly journals Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 contributes to the recirculation of gluconeogenic precursors during postexercise glycogen recovery

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (2) ◽  
pp. R102-R107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. F. Herbst ◽  
Rebecca E. K. MacPherson ◽  
Paul J. LeBlanc ◽  
Brian D. Roy ◽  
Nam Ho Jeoung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Caloric Consumption ◽  
Glycogen Stores

During recovery from glycogen-depleting exercise, there is a shift from carbohydrate oxidation to glycogen resynthesis. The activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex may decrease to reduce oxidation of carbohydrates in favor of increasing gluconeogenic recycling of carbohydrate-derived substrates for this process. The precise mechanism behind this has yet to be elucidated; however, research examining mRNA content has suggested that the less-abundant pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) may reduce PDH activation during exercise recovery. To investigate this, skeletal muscle and liver of wild-type (WT) and PDK4-knockout (PDK4-KO) mice were analyzed at rest (Rest), after exercise to exhaustion (Exh), and after 2 h of recovery with ad libitum feeding (Rec). Although there were no differences in exercise tolerance between genotypes, caloric consumption was doubled by PDK4-KO mice during Rec. Because of this, PDK4-KO mice at Rec supercompensated muscle glycogen to 120% of resting stores. Therefore, an extra group of PDK4-KO mice were pair-fed (PF) with WT mice during Rec for comparison. PF mice fully replenished muscle glycogen but recovered only 50% of liver glycogen stores. Concentrations of muscle lactate and alanine were also lower in PF than in WT mice, indicating that this decrease may lead to a potential reduction of recycled gluconeogenic substrates, due to oxidation of their carbohydrate precursors in skeletal muscle, leading to observed reductions in hepatic glucose and glycogen concentrations. Because of the impairments seen in PF PDK4-KO mice, these results suggest a role for PDK4 in regulating the PDH complex in muscle and promoting gluconeogenic precursor recirculation during recovery from exhaustive exercise.

Changes in Glycogen, Pyruvate and Lactate in Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneri) During and Following Muscular Activity

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Anne Robertson Connor ◽  
Kwok-Cheung Lam ◽  
Wing-Gay Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Severe Exercise

Experiments upon muscular fatigue in [Formula: see text]-year-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were carried out at the trout hatchery at Summerland, British Columbia during the summers of 1958 and 1959. Observations were made on hemoglobin, water content of muscle and whole blood, muscle and liver glycogen, and pyruvate and lactate in muscle, blood and liver. Experimental conditions included 30 min moderate activity, 2–15 min severe exercise, and recovery up to 24 hr following 15 min severe exercise. The results for hemoglobin, muscle and liver glycogen and blood lactate were similar to those reported earlier. Muscle glycogen was depleted 50% or more in the first 2 min of severe activity. Correlated with this rapid depletion of glycogen was a sudden accumulation of muscle pyruvate and lactate. Pyruvate and lactate likewise increased in the blood. While the disappearance of both pyruvate and lactate from muscle began immediately upon cessation of activity, resting levels were not approached until the 8th hr of recovery. During recovery, the levels of pyruvate and lactate in the blood after severe exercise continued to increase for the first hour, remained elevated for at least 8 hr and did not return to the resting level until the 12th–24th hr. Muscle glycogen was not restored above half the resting level at the end of 24 hr. Interpretations of the data in relation to metabolism in rainbow trout are discussed.

Respiratory, metabolic, and acid-base correlates of aerobic metabolic rate reduction in overwintering frogs

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. R704-R710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Donohoe ◽  
Timothy G. West ◽  
Robert G. Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Lactate Levels

Aerobic metabolic rates (M˙o 2) and respiratory quotients (RQ = CO2production/M˙o 2) were measured contemporaneously in hibernating frogs Rana temporaria (L.), submerged for 90 days at 3°C. After 3 mo of submergence in fully aerated water,M˙o 2levels were 61% of those seen at the same temperature before hibernation. Over the first 40 days of hibernation, RQ values (≤0.82) favored a lipid-based metabolism that progressively shifted to an exclusively carbohydrate metabolism (RQ = 1.01) by 90 days of hibernation. Liver glycogen concentrations fell by 68% during the first 8 wk of submergence, thereafter exhibiting a less rapid rate of utilization. Conversely, muscle glycogen concentrations remained stable over the first 2 mo of the experiment before falling by 33% over the course of the remaining 2 mo, indicating that the frog was recruiting muscle glycogen reserves to fuel metabolism. Submerged frogs exhibited an extracellular acidosis during the first week of submergence, but over the course of the next 15 wk “extracellular pH” values were not significantly different from the values obtained from the control air-breathing animals. The initial extracellular acidosis was not mirrored in the intracellular compartment, and the acid-base state was not significantly different from the control values for the first 8 wk. However, over the subsequent 8- to 16-wk period, the acid-base status shifted to a lower intracellular pH-[Formula: see text] concentration set point, indicative of a metabolic acidosis. Even so, there was no indication that the acidosis could be attributed to anaerobic metabolism, as both plasma and muscle lactate levels remained low and stable. Muscle adenylate energy charge and lactate-to-pyruvate and creatine-to-phosphocreatine ratios also remained unchanged throughout hibernation. The capacity for profound metabolic rate suppression together with the ability to match substrate use to shifts in aerobic metabolic demands and the ability to fix new acid-base homeostatic set points are highly adaptive, both in terms of survival and reproductive success, to an animal that is often forced to overwinter under the cover of ice.

L-Lactic Acid’s Improvement of Swimming Endurance in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihua Zhang ◽  
Nobuya Shirai ◽  
Hiramitsu Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Swimming Endurance ◽  
Dose Dependent

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-lactic acid on swimming endurance of mice. Mice (n = 50) were injected intraperitoneally with saline, then with L-lactic acid (either 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg body weight), then after 2 days with the same doses of glucose, and after another 2 days again with L-lactic acid at the same doses. Swimming times to exhaustion were determined at 30 min after each injection, in a tank filled with 25 cm of water maintained at 23 °C. After another week, mice were given either saline, L-lactic acid, or glucose (25 or 50 mg/kg) dissolved in saline and sacrificed after 30 min for biochemical analyses. The ratios of swimming times of L-lactic acid or glucose injections to saline injection were calculated as an index for endurance changes. Swimmingtime ratios for mice injected with L-lactic acid were significantly higher at either dose than for those injected with the corresponding doses of glucose (p < .05). The ratio of swimming time was greater in those given a dose of 50 mg/kg than in those given 25 mg/kg for mice in the L-lactic acid groups (p < .05) but not in the groups given glucose. There were no marked differences in biochemical parameters of plasma and muscle lactate, muscle and liver glycogen, or plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid between the L-lactic acid, glucose, and saline injection groups. These results suggest that L-lactic acid can enhance swimming endurance of mice and that this action is dose dependent.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: XII. LIVER GLYCOGEN

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violet M. Chang ◽  
D. R. Idler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
River Migration

Liver glycogen levels were determined for a pure stock of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) taken at three locations during spawning migration. The liver glycogen content of the male was found to be consistently greater than that of the female throughout the entire river migration. In both sexes liver glycogen decreased during the earlier phase of migration, but increased during the later stage so that the levels at the spawning grounds were approximately twice those at the mouth of the river. The changes which occur are discussed in relation to sex differences, energy expenditures, and plasma steroid hormone levels.

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