Field Testing of Injected Vibrio anguillarum Bacterins in Pen-Reared Pacific Salmon

Intraperitoneal injection of three types of Vibrio anguillarum bacterin (heat-killed, formalin-killed, and a combination of heat and formalin-killed) was tested in Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) to assess the feasibility of preventing vibriosis by immunization in commercial aquaculture. A single injection of V. anguillarum bacterin gave substantial protection to chinook salmon for 6 mo postinoculation (32% mean mortality in all injected groups) in comparison to the control group (85% mortality). Chinook salmon showed the highest survival when treated with the heat-killed V. anguillarum bacterin. All groups of coho salmon had less than 7.0% mortality, and immunization was not beneficial to survival. Serum antibody titer of V. anguillarum agglutinins was increased by intraperitoneal injection. Vibrio anguillarum was the pathogen most frequently isolated from moribund chinook salmon; Aeromonas salmonicida was the predominant organism isolated from moribund coho salmon.

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Immunization of Pacific Salmon: Comparison of Intraperitoneal Injection and Hyperosmotic Infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida Bacterins

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f77-030 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 203-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ross Antipa ◽

Donald F. Amend

Keyword(s):

Field Test ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Vibrio Anguillarum ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽

Significant Protection ◽

Test Conditions

Two methods of immunizing fish, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and hyperosmotic infiltration, were compared for control of vibriosis and furunculosis in pen-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Both methods provided significant protection against vibriosis under field test conditions. In coho salmon, hyperosmotic infiltration provided the best protection and fastest rise in antibody titer of seven treatments tested. In chinook salmon, hyperosmotic infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccines resulted in 83.3% survival in comparison with 28.7% survival in controls. Both i.p. injection and hyperosmotic infiltration of V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida bacterins resulted in production of serum antibodies specific for each respective pathogen. Vaccination with bivalent V. anguillarum–A. salmonicida vaccines produced antibodies to both pathogens, and provided protection against vibriosis. Growth rates of vaccinated coho salmon were not significantly different from controls.

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Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f81-213 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 1636-1656 ◽

Cited By ~ 289

Author(s):

W. E. Ricker

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Sockeye Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Gill Nets ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Mean Size ◽

Average Size

Of the five species of Pacific salmon in British Columbia, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) are harvested during their growing seasons, while pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are taken only after practically all of their growth is completed. The size of the fish caught, of all species, has decreased, but to different degrees and over different time periods, and for the most part this results from a size decrease in the population. These decreases do not exhibit significant correlations with available ocean temperature or salinity series, except that for sockeye lower temperature is associated with larger size. Chinook salmon have decreased greatly in both size and age since the 1920s, most importantly because nonmaturing individuals are taken by the troll fishery; hence individuals that mature at older ages are harvested more intensively, which decreases the percentage of older ones available both directly and cumulatively because the spawners include an excess of younger fish. Other species have decreased in size principally since 1950, when the change to payment by the pound rather than by the piece made it profitable for the gill-netters to harvest more of the larger fish. Cohos and pinks exhibit the greatest decreases, these being almost entirely a cumulative genetic effect caused by commercial trolls and gill nets removing fish of larger than average size. However, cohos reared in the Strait of Georgia have not decreased in size, possibly because sport trolling has different selection characteristics or because of the increase in the hatchery-reared component of the catch. The mean size of chum and sockeye salmon caught has changed much less than that of the other species. Chums have the additional peculiarity that gill nets tend to take smaller individuals than seines do and that their mean age has increased, at least between 1957 and 1972. That overall mean size has nevertheless decreased somewhat may be related to the fact that younger-maturing individuals grow much faster than older-maturing ones; hence excess removal of the smaller younger fish tends to depress growth rate. Among sockeye the decrease in size has apparently been retarded by an increase in growth rate related to the gradual cooling of the ocean since 1940. However, selection has had two important effects: an increase in the percentage of age-3 "jacks" in some stocks, these being little harvested, and an increase in the difference in size between sockeye having three and four ocean growing seasons, respectively.Key words: Pacific salmon, age changes, size changes, fishery, environment, selection, heritability

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Production of germline transgenic Pacific salmonids with dramatically increased growth performance

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f95-133 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 1376-1384 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Robert H. Devlin ◽

Timothy Y. Yesaki ◽

Edward M. Donaldson ◽

Shao Jun Du ◽

Choy-Leong Hew

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Cutthroat Trout ◽

Transgenic Fish ◽

Somatic Tissue ◽

Growth Enhancement ◽

Gene Construct ◽

Average Size

Transgenic Pacific salmon have been produced by microinjection of a DNA construct consisting of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth hormone sequences driven by an ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) antifreeze protein promoter. This construct was retained in approximately 4% of fish derived from injected eggs, and resulted in dramatic enhancement of growth relative to controls. For coho salmon (O. kisutch) at 15 months of age, the average size of transgenic fish was more than 10-fold that of controls, with the largest fish more than 30-fold larger than nontransgenic siblings. Dramatic growth enhancement was also observed in transgenic rainbow trout (O. mykiss), cutthroat trout (O. clarki), and chinook salmon using this same gene construct. Transgenic coho salmon underwent precocious parr–smolt transformation during their first fall, approximately 6 months in advance of their nontransgenic siblings. At 2 years of age, five male transgenic coho salmon became sexually mature, and four of these transmitted the gene construct to sperm, the negative fish being transgenic in blood but not fin tissue. These results show that while some fish are mosaic for the gene construct in different tissues, most are transgenic in both germline and somatic tissue.

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Dispersal and productivity of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon colonizing newly accessible habitat

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2014-0180 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 454-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Joseph H. Anderson ◽

Paul L. Faulds ◽

Karl D. Burton ◽

Michele E. Koehler ◽

William I. Atlas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Fishing Mortality ◽

Fish Ladder ◽

Accessible Habitat ◽

Over Time

Following construction of a fish ladder at Landsburg Diversion Dam on the Cedar River, Washington, USA, in fall 2003, we used DNA-based parentage to identify second generation Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon as recruits that were produced above the dam or “strays” dispersing into the new habitat that were produced elsewhere. For both species, strays colonized immediately but decreased as a proportion of the total run over time. Chinook salmon strays were more numerous in years when the species was more abundant below the dam and included a much larger proportion of hatchery origin salmon than did coho salmon. Productivity, calculated as the ratio of female recruits sampled at the dam to female spawners, exceeded replacement in all four coho salmon cohorts but only two of five Chinook salmon cohorts, leading to more rapid population expansion of coho salmon. However, estimates of fishing mortality and recruitment into the Cedar River below the dam substantially increased Chinook salmon productivity estimates. Our results demonstrate that Pacific salmon are capable of rapidly recolonizing habitat made accessible by restoration and emphasize the importance of demographic exchange with preexisting populations during the transition from recolonization to self-sustainability.

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Differences in acquired and innate resistance among Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) against the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica and numbers delivered by the leech vector Piscicola salmositica

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f95-501 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 52 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.M. Bower

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Lytic Activity ◽

Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽

Elevated Water ◽

Plasma Factors

Susceptible juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were protected from otherwise lethal challenges with the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica by acclimation to an elevated water temperature (20 °C). Following challenge at temperatures advantageous to the haemoflagellate (9–11 °C), surviving fish had plasma with enhanced acquired lytic activity against the parasite. In contrast, most coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from a resistant stock survived up to three challenges with C. salmositica, without "immunization" at elevated temperatures. However, they acquired little or no lytic activity against the parasite, which survived in low numbers in some fish. Also, the chinook and coho salmon did not have innate plasma factors that lysed the parasite under in vitro conditions like those demonstrated in other salmonids. Thus, the mechanism(s) that protect the resistant O. kisutch from the pathogenic affects of C. salmositica are different from those identified in other fishes that are resistant to Cryptobia spp. A challenge of 105 flagellates per fish was suggested to be representative of the number of C. salmositica inoculated into a fish by one infected leech vector (Piscicola salmositica).

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Rates of straying by hatchery-produced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) differ among species, life history types, and populations

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2012-0536 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 735-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Peter A.H. Westley ◽

Thomas P. Quinn ◽

Andrew H. Dittman

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Upstream Migration ◽

Endocrine Factors ◽

Species Specific ◽

Stream Type

Here we ask whether straying differs among species, life history types, and populations of adult hatchery-produced Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River basin. Previous estimates of straying have been confounded by various factors influencing the probability of individuals returning to non-natal sites (e.g., off-station releases), whereas analyses undertaken here of nearly a quarter million coded-wire tag recoveries control for these factors. Our results revealed large and generally consistent differences in the propensity to stray among species, life history types within species, and populations. Paired releases indicated that (i) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) strayed more (mean population range 0.11%–34.6%) than coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (0.08%–0.94%); (ii) ocean-type Chinook (5.2%–18.6%) strayed more than stream-type Chinook (0.11%–10%); and Chinook salmon (0.90%–54.9%) strayed more than steelhead (0.30%–2.3%). We conclude these patterns are largely the result of species-specific behavioral and endocrine factors during the juvenile life stages, but analyses also suggest that environmental factors can influence straying during the adult upstream migration.

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Assessing developmental errors in branchiostegal rays as indicators of chronic stress in two species of Pacific salmon

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z03-187 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 81 (11) ◽

pp. 1876-1884 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W Bruce Campbell

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Linear Models ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Low Levels

Stress during ontogeny reduces homeostasis, increasing the formation of developmental errors. Fused and partial branchiostegal rays were assessed as indicators of stress throughout embryogenesis in coho salmon (Oncorhy nchus kisutch Walbaum) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). Error frequencies and the proportion of fish possessing them should increase when development is stressed. Coho parr were examined from reciprocal crosses between two hatchery stocks experiencing artificially fluctuated (between 7 and 12 °C) or ambient (natural) temperatures throughout embryogenesis. Temperature means and ranges were equivalent between treatments, allowing patterns of thermal variance to be compared. Chinook presmolts, having high versus low levels of infection with bacterial kidney disease owing to similar levels of parental infection, also were examined. Sampled fish were cleared and stained and the errors analyzed using categorical linear models and observations of positional distributions. Although partial rays in coho were genetically influenced, fusion frequency increased significantly under fluctuating (551) versus ambient temperatures (163), as did the number of fish with fusions (207 versus 104, respectively). No significant difference between bacterial kidney disease groups was observed, indicating the disease had little influence over error development. Positional distributions of fused rays were bimodal in both species, showing anterior and posterior zones of weaker developmental control. Partial rays occurred at initial and terminal positions in the series, suggesting evolutionary vestigialization in both species. Branchiostegal ray fusions are shown to be useful traits for further investigation of thermal stress during embryogenesis in salmon.

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Effects of Early Rearing Environment on Stress Response, Immune Function, and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O.tshawytscha)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f93-087 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 759-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Kira Salonius ◽

George K. Iwama

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Chinook Salmon ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Vibrio Anguillarum ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Significant Rise ◽

Wild Fish ◽

Handling Stress ◽

Hatchery Fish ◽

Natural Water Body

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha) from aquaculture and wild environments were subjected to handling (30–60 s of netting and aerial emersion) and disease challenges. Plasma cortisol concentrations ([cortisol]pl) in both coho and chinook salmon from wild environments were significantly elevated 4 h after handling. Colonized coho salmon (hatchery-reared fish, transported into a natural water body as fry) responded in a similar fashion to wild fish, while those reared entirely in the hatchery showed no significant rise in [cortisol]pl. The responses to handling stress were retained in wild and colonized coho salmon after 7 mo of hatchery rearing. A transient increase in the leukocyte to red blood cell ratio in both wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon occurred 4 h after handling. Handling signficantly decreased the antibody-producing cell (APC) number in wild fish and elevated their [cortisol]plrelative to hatchery fish. Wild fish had the highest APC number among the three groups before the handling. No difference in resistance to Vibrio anguillarum was apparent in coho and chinook salmon among the different rearing environments, although chinook salmon were generally more susceptible; disease resistance was reduced in wild coho salmon after 7 mo of rearing in a hatchery.

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Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment

Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment ◽

10.47886/9781934874080.ch11 ◽

2009 ◽

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Large Scale ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Pink Salmon ◽

Commercial Catch ◽

Atmospheric Processes ◽

Energy Transfers ◽

Salmon Production ◽

The Impact

Abstract.-Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. catches are at historic high levels. It is significant that one of the world's major fisheries for a group of species that dominates the surface waters of the subarctic Pacific is actually very healthy. Natural trends in climate are now recognized to cause large fluctuations in Pacific salmon production, as shown in historical records of catch and recent changes probably have been affected by greenhouse gas induced climate changes. Pink salmon O. gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta production and catch has increased in the past 30 years and may continue in a similar trend for for the next few decades. Coho salmon O. kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha catches have been declining for several decades, particularly at the southern end of their range, and they may continue to decline. In the 1970s, hatcheries were considered to be a method of adding to the wild production of coho and Chinook salmon because the ocean capacity to produce these species was assumed to be underutilized. Large-scale changes in Pacific salmon abundances are linked to changes in large-scale atmospheric processes. These large-scale atmospheric processes are also linked to planetary energy transfers, and there is a decadal scale pattern to these relationships. Pacific salmon production in general is higher in decades of intense Aleutian lows than in periods of weak Aleutian lows. Key to understanding the impact of climate change on Pacific salmon is understanding how the Aleutian low will change. Chinook and coho salmon are minor species in the total commercial catch, but important socially and economically in North America. A wise use of hatcheries may be needed to maintain abundances of these species in future decades.

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