Investigation sur la toxicodynamique du cyanure et sur sa biotransformation chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2017-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Raymond ◽  
Gérard Leduc ◽  
Jack A. Kornblatt
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pasteur Effect

The exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 mg HCN∙L−1 for 20 d demonstrated the biotransformation of HCN into thiocyanate which accumulated in the blood plasma which increased the duration of exposure to cyanide. Despite its transformation into thiocyanate, there is still a sufficient quantity of cyanide to inhibit cytochrome oxidase by 60–80% within the first 24 h of exposure. This level of inhibition remained stable during the 20 d of the tests and was the same at the three concentrations tested. This observation permits the prediction of effective concentration of free HCN inside the fish. The measurements of liver glycogen levels illustrate the Pasteur effect in the rainbow trout subjected to cyanide. During cyanide exposure, liver glycogen was rapidly used, particularly at 0.03 mg HCN∙L−1 whereas at 0.01 and 0.02 mg HCN∙L−1 the glycogen levels gradually came back to normal after 7–10 d of exposure.

Catecholamine and Carbohydrate Concentrations in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Physical Disturbance

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakano ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Physical Disturbance ◽  
High Liver

In rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) blood plasma concentrations of adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NAD), and liver and heart concentrations of AD increased in response to severe physical disturbance. Skeletal muscle and anterior kidney concentrations of AD and NAD did not change detectably. Maximum plasma concentrations observed during disturbance of the fish were 0.20–0.36 μg AD and 0.05–0.09 μg NAD/ml. These plasma concentrations decreased relatively rapidly during recovery of the fish.Plasma glucose concentrations increased in response to disturbance, the magnitude and duration of the hyperglycemia being greater in those fish with initially high liver glycogen reserves. Liver glycogen concentrations in those fish with initially high (ca. 7%) concentrations apparently decreased in response to disturbance and increased during recovery of the fish, but no change was detected in liver glycogen concentrations in fish in which they were initially low (ca. 2.5%). Heart and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations decreased in response to disturbance and increased during recovery.In skeletal muscle, the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate and the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form increased in response to disturbance of the fish and decreased thereafter.

Changes in plasma insulin and carbohydrate metabolism of zinc-stressed rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2079-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Wagner ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Insulin Radioimmunoassay

An experiment was conducted to determine if the hyperglycemia that is observed in zinc-stressed fish is also accompanied by changes in the levels of plasma insulin and liver glycogen. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to three concentrations of zinc sulphate along with a control group over 31 days. Plasma glucose levels were monitored in each group over the course of the experiment. The group demonstrating the most acute and sustained hyperglycemia (0.352 ppm zinc) was then analyzed along with the controls for changes in plasma insulin (using a teleost insulin radioimmunoassay) and liver glycogen levels. Significant depressions in plasma insulin and liver glycogen levels were observed in the zinc-exposed fish when compared with the controls. These changes are discussed with respect to possible influences of epinephrine, which is elevated in stressed fish, and (or) a direct effect of zinc metal on the pancreatic beta cells.

Endrin Toxicosis in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake F. Grant ◽  
Paul M. Mehrle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses

In mature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) receiving sublethal doses of endrin (4.3–145 × μg/kg body wt/day in 0.215–7.25 mg/kg of food) for 163 days and then forced to swim for 1 hr, the insecticide affected serum electrolytes, osmolality, total protein, cholesterol, cortisol, lactate, glucose, liver glycogen, and growth. Forced swimming alone altered 9 of 16 serum parameters examined. Apparent increases in serum Na and Cl and significant increases in osmolality and liver glycogen were directly related to dosage. A biphasic distribution of phosphate, total protein, and cholesterol with dosage was apparent. Glucose was increased about 50% by 145 μg/kg but was unaffected by lower doses. Variance analysis of zone electrophoretic patterns disclosed an in teraction between serum protein distribution and dose. Mobilization of liver glycogen was apparently inhibited by low doses and almost totally blocked by high doses. Correspondingly, trout given 14.5 μg/kg or more had lowered serum cortisol levels whereas the lowest dose elevated cortisol. Growth was inhibited appreciably by 145 μg/kg but not by lower doses. Visceral fat accumulated 4.8–8.7 μg endrin/g tissue in the 43 and 145 μg/kg exposures. We conclude that endrin caused dysfunction of physiologic processes critical to survival.

Characterization and Subcellular Localization of Leucine Aminonaphthylamidase (LAN) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1289-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Bouck ◽  
P. W. Schneider Jr. ◽  
Janet Jacobson ◽  
R. C. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Body Temperatures

LAN analyses appear to have diagnostic value in fish pathobiology and studies were undertaken to determine optima for substrate concentration, pH, reaction time, temperature, and buffer ions. Citrate ion did not inhibit LAN at anticoagulant levels, but cyanide, pyrophosphate, and EDTA had an inhibitory effect. Storage of samples at —10 and 1 C resulted in small but significant reductions of LAN activity, while at room temperature enzyme activity was rapidly lost. LAN activity was distributed among liver fractions as follows: microsomes, 12%; mitochondria, 9%; cellular sap, 37%; other, 50%. Three isozymes of LAN were found. Blood plasma contained significant amounts of LAN activity which was significantly higher in cold- than in warm-acclimated fish. However, these LAN levels were comparable when their activity was extrapolated to body temperatures.

Concentrations of Leucine Aminonaphthylamidase (LAN) and Soluble Protein in Tissues of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Bouck
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Discrete Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Plasma Enzymes ◽  
Tissue Equivalent

The levels of soluble protein (Biuret-reactive) and levels of leucine aminonaphthylamidase (LAN, 3.4.1.1) were determined quantitatively in extracts of 10 organs from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Soluble protein had a very discrete distribution and averaged 5.2 times more concentrated in liver than in blood plasma (3.5 g/100 mL). LAN was present in the extract of every tissue except saline-washed brain. LAN activity was highest in hindgut, 36 more times more concentrated than in the plasma of healthy fish. Wasting disorders such as caused by stress, would likely increase the level of necrosis which in turn would increase the amount of LAN in plasma. I propose that a "tissue equivalent" unit of LAN to provide a means of relating increased LAN in plasma to an amount of liver destruction in vitro that would render a similar amount of LAN.Key words: plasma enzymes, stress, plasma protein, rainbow trout, leucine aminonaphthylamidase, fish physiology

Maximum Tolerable Level, Digestion, and Metabolism of D-Glucose (Cerelose) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Reared on a Practical Trout Diet

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
J. L. Atkinson ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Tolerable Level

The maximum tolerable dietary level, digestion, and metabolism of D-glucose (cerelose) were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared on practical diets containing optimum protein and lipid levels at two different water temperatures for 12 wk. Liver glycogen levels (LG) and liver:body weight ratios (LB) initially increased with increasing dietary glucose, but leveled off above 10–15% glucose. The plateauing of LB and LG was consistent with the plateauing of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (G6PD) and probably overall hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity at high dietary levels of glucose. This indicates that there may be an optimum ratio of digestible carbohydrate to lipid in salmonid diets. LG and LB tended to be higher in trout reared upon the same dietary glucose level in fish reared at 11 °C as compared with those at 15 °C. This may have been caused by increased activity of the HMS as indicated by increased activity of liver G6PD in fish acclimated to 11 °C as compared to trout reared at 15 °C on the same dietary glucose level (when assayed at 15 °C). The digestion coefficient of glucose was uniformly high (96–99%) and not affected by either dietary glucose level (up to 25% of the diet) or water temperature (11 or 15 °C). The maximum tolerable level of glucose in salmonid diets appears to be dependent upon the protein, lipid, and overall energy content of the diet.Key words: trout, glucose digestion, glucose metabolism, maximum tolerable levels, water temperature, dietary energy

scholarly journals The Effect of Intermittent Exercise on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Severe Exercise

The effect of intermittent severe exercise of short duration on carbohydrate metabolism was examined using unanesthetized, intact rainbow trout. The levels of muscle glycogen, muscle lactate, blood lactate, and liver glycogen were determined in fish sampled immediately after severe exercise of 3 sec to 5 min, after recovery of 3 min to 60 min, and after re-exercise of 3 sec to 5 min. It appears that rainbow trout are not well adapted to tolerate frequent exercise of short duration.

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