A Test of the Relationship between Otolith Weight and Age for the Pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Age Class ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Additional Sample

A sample of 60 fish revealed a near-linear relationship between otolith weight and the estimated age (determined from scale and otolith annuli) for the pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus, with little overlap of otolith weight values between age classes. In an additional sample of 612 fish where only otolith weight and length were measured, only two clear length modes were found, but five modes using an otolith weight frequency distribution could be distinguished. The means of the five modes were similar to that predicted from the mean weights for each age class in the original sample of 60 fish. These five modes were also present in a subsample of the 612 fish, chosen such that their lengths formed a uniform distribution (i.e. no modes). These results were consistent with a direct relationship between otolith weight and age, but further validation is required before this variable can be used as the sole determinant of age.

LA MESURE DE L’INTERFÉRENCE DU CHIENDENT DANS L’ORGE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RIOUX
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Champlain’) was grown with quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) at various densities for 3 yr. According to the regression analysis, a linear relation is appropriate to describe the relationship between yield of barley and biomass or density of quackgrass. A greater proportion of yield variability was explained by density (64%) than by biomass (40%). Density is then a better criterion than biomass to predict yield lost in barley. The linear relationship between barley yield and the shoot density of quackgrass is estimated by the following equation: yield barley = 345.3–0.5682 dens, quackgrass. An increase of 10 shoots/m2 in the mean density of quackgrass resulted in a mean loss of 6 g/m2 in the yield of barley.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Degrees of Pre-Operative Anxiety With Pain and Post Operative Answer in Patients Who Undergo C-Section With Spinal Anesthesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 389-392
Author(s):  
Boy Olifu Elniko Ginting ◽  
Akhyar Hamonangan Nasution ◽  
Soejat Harto
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Vas Score ◽  
Unpleasant Feeling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling that is considered a fear of a threatening danger, often the threat is unknown and always includes various emotional and hemodynamic responses experienced by the organism prior to emotional stimulation. To determine the relationship between the degree of pre-operative anxiety with post-operative pain in patients undergoing cesarean sectio with spinal anesthesia techniques at H. Adam Malik Hospital. Descriptive analytic research was conducted at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital in Medan from May to June 2020. The study population was all subjects scheduled to undergo sectio cesarea with spinal anesthesia at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital. The total sample obtained was 28 patients. The normal test of numerical data test was used with the Spearman Correlation test. The research hypothesis was tested using the Mann-Whitney test. In the study conducted on 28 samples divided into 2 groups, it was found that there was a moderate and direct relationship between APAIS scores and VAS scores. Based on this study, it was found that the average preoperative APAIS score was 11.07 (± 3.79). And for the mean value of postoperative VAS is 2.37 (± 1.04). In the result of this study it was found that there was a moderate and unidirectional relationship to the APAIS score and this VAS score (p <0.05). While the preoperative APAIS score was 11.07 (± 3.79). And for the mean postoperative VAS-A value is 3.33 (± 1.03). In the result of this study also found that there is a strong and direct relationship in the APAIS score and this VASA score (p<0.05). There is a moderate and direct relationship between APAIS scores and this VAS score and that there is a strong and direct relationship in the APAIS score and this VAS-A score

Relation between leaf biomass and annual ring sapwood of Norway spruce according to needle age-class

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1822-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitezslav Dvorak ◽  
Magda Oplustilova ◽  
Dalibor Janous
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between leaf biomass and sapwood area was investigated in a 35-year-old Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) stand in mountainous conditions. Fifteen trees were destructively sampled to determine the needle biomass in several needle age-classes and whorls and the corresponding sapwood areas at the whorl branch bases and in stems at breast height. Leaf biomass/sapwood area ratio and specific leaf biomass (g•mm−2) were calculated for different needle age-classes and also for different positions in the vertical profile of the crown. The leaf biomass/sapwood area ratios were described by linear regression with a high coefficient of determination. Specific leaf biomass analysed in whorl branches was highest in the upper whorls but was decreasing downward through the profile; remained stable in the middle crown layer; and decreased again in the lower crown parts. Specific leaf biomass assessments for stems showed the largest and most increasing values in the youngest three needle age-classes followed by a decreasing trend of the specific leaf biomass in older needle age-classes. The mean values of specific leaf biomass were 1.08 g•mm−2 for branches and 1.02 g•mm−2 for stems. The results of our study are consistent with the "pipe model theory."

Paternal ages below or above 35 years old are associated with a different risk of schizophrenia in the offspring

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wohl ◽  
P. Gorwood
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Class Reference ◽  
Different Origins

AbstractBackgroundA link between older age of fatherhood and an increased risk of schizophrenia was detected in 1958. Since then, 10 studies attempted to replicate this result with different methods, on samples with different origins, using different age classes. Defining a cut-off at which the risk is significantly increased in the offspring could have an important impact on public health.MethodsA meta-analysis (Meta Win®) was performed, assessing the mean effect size for each age class, taking into account the difference in age class references, and the study design.ResultsAn increased risk is detected when paternal age is below 20 (compared to 20–24), over 35 (compared to below 35), 39 (compared to less than 30), and 54 years old (compared to less than 25). Interestingly, 35 years appears nevertheless to be the lowest cut-off where the OR is always above 1, whatever the age class reference, and the smallest value where offspring of fathers below or above this age have a significantly different risk of schizophrenia.ConclusionNo threshold can be precisely defined, but convergent elements indicate ages below or above 35 years. Using homogeneous age ranges in future studies could help to clarify a precise threshold.

scholarly journals O setor como determinante da estrutura de capital: evidências após as alterações das alíquotas do IPI no Brasil

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rossimar Laura Oliveira ◽  
Eduardo Kazuo Kayo
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

This paper is an empirical investigation that uses IPI benefits (tax benefit) offered by the Brazilian government as an exogenous shock in the relationship between firm and industry leverage. We used data from Brazilian companies between 2007 and 2015. The econometric model used was diff-in-diff-in-diff. The results show a direct relationship between the mean industry leverage and the firm’s leverage. The same remains for the treatment group after inclusion of exogenous shock of IPI reduction in the model. These results are aligned with studies that consider the industry as the principal influencing aspect of the firm's capital structure.

scholarly journals The Relationship between General Aviation Pilot Age and Accident Rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-516
Author(s):  
Raja Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Khawar Naeem ◽  
Abdul Salam Khan ◽  
Muhammad Abas ◽  
Misbah Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between the number of accidents and pilot’s age. The pilot considered for this study is General Aviation Pilot. Normal distribution of the accidents shows the mean pilot’s age <MEAN age> = 54.60 with S. Dage = 14.38. There is a non-linear relationship between pilot’s age and accident rate and there is a significant difference in accidents across the age intervals F(19, 234) = 9.3116, p < 0.0001. There is no statistical difference in the number of accidents between the interval 40-70 age group. Also, there is statistical difference in the number of accidents above and below 60-year age with respect to event severity and cause of accident (Wiki’s lemma= 0.36, F(26, 160) = 4.00, p < 0.0001). The follow up shows that the number of fatal and non-fatal accidents were statistically different for both above F(2, 92) = 4.58, p < 0.0127 and for below F(2,129) = 7.2, p < 0.0011 while the number of accidents with respect to its causes above 60 are not statistically different but there is statistical difference (F = (5, 126) = 8.74, p < 0.0001) in the number of accidents caused by pilot and caused by technical fault or weather/wind in the age group below 60.

scholarly journals Age Factor and Pedestrian Speed on Sidewalks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pinna ◽  
Roberto Murrau
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Polynomial Model ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Pedestrian Behavior ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Age Factor ◽  
The Mean

Pedestrian infrastructures feature the spaces where every user accesses all the mobility forms: in fact, every movement begins and finishes with a walking section. For this reason, it is very important to pay more attention towards what is said “last mile”, that must be designed and constructed to be easily used from the major part of users, with a special attention to more disadvantage citizens. Among all pedestrian characteristics, the least considered is speed, and when it is considered, the reference is the mean speed, that is the speed of the most likely common user. There are numerous and simultaneous factors that influence pedestrian behavior. The age factor mainly determines the psycho-physical characteristics and therefore the behavior. In the present study, it has been observed the behavior on sidewalks with reference to age. The study is based on a survey carried out in the downtown of Oristano, with a total pedestrian flow of 14,182 users. The purpose is, first, to understand how pedestrian speed varies with age, and subsequently to assess if a statistical model exists to describe the pedestrian behavior by age. After a general analysis of pedestrian behavior, the paper focused on users walking not alone but within a flow. The research considers pedestrian speed in real conditions and not isolated pedestrian speed because a pedestrian, inevitably, interacts with other pedestrians and this provides a particular condition. For this reason, the main analysis is based on a subdataset formed by the 2794 individual pedestrians. The analysis shows that there is not a linear relationship between speed and age, but it is better to consider a polynomial model between the mean individual pedestrian speed, mean walking speed and age class. Results show that speed of individual pedestrians decreases as age increases; younger pedestrians walk faster than others, with a difference of 19.2% respect to older ones. This decrease can be represented by a statistical model. The model also shows that there is not a linear relationship between speed and age, but it is better to consider a polynomial model between the mean individual pedestrian speed, mean walking speed and age class. It is necessary to underline this aspect because many efforts have been made all over the world to promote sustainable mobility. Walking is one of the most important aspect of sustainability, so we will aspect an increase of the number of new walking citizens. But it is necessary to consider how population is growing, with a growing number of senior citizens. It is for these users that we will have to plan in the future. In conclusion, the paper studied the mean individual pedestrian speed and its relationship with age and mean walking speed, finding statistical models able to interpret pedestrian behavior; the choice of the mean individual pedestrian speed as dependent variable is the novelty of the study because analyzes a real condition. In fact, the most common case is that of a pedestrian walking within a flow, and not alone. This is an element distinguishing this study from many others. For this reason, this study can help to improve research in this area and could be useful to understand how to plan and to design pedestrian infrastructures. It would also be important to apply this method to other cities with similar characteristics to verify the real transferability of the model and, consequently, of the results.

Correlational analyses of the relationships between altitude and carapace size of Ostracoda (Crustacea)

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Enes Dalgakıran ◽  
Okan Külköylüoğlu ◽  
Mehmet Yavuzatmaca ◽  
Derya Akdemir
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
New Records ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

To explore the relationship between ostracods carapace (body) size and altitude, 117 non-marine aquatic habitats were sampled from Mersin province (Turkey) during 03–09 October 2015. A total of 36 species and 14 sub-fossils were detected from 66 of 117 sites located between −3 m and 1630 m a.s.l. Thirty-four of the species are previously unknown in the province. In addition, four of the taxa were new records for the Turkish Ostracoda fauna. Five species (Ilyocypris bradyi, Heterocypris salina, H. incongruens, Psychrodromus olivaceus, Potamocypris fallax) were the most common among all habitats with relatively wide ecological and altitudinal ranges. Canonical correspondence analyses revealed 72.6% of the relationship between 12 ostracods and five environmental variables. Water temperature and pH were the two most influential variables (p < 0.05) on the species. The mean length of right and left valves of the species were significantly different (p < 0.01, N  =  3980) at all altitudinal ranges. A strong tendency of changes in valve height with increasing altitude seems to be more prominent (p < 0.05) than the changes in length for some species. Our results do not support some ecological rules but rather, suggest that a linear relationship between carapace size and altitude may only be applicable for some ostracods.

Acoustically different contact calls of mother and young goitred gazelle are equally individualized: is this a common relationship in ruminants?

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (12) ◽  
pp. 1185-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya A. Volodin ◽  
Olga V. Sibiryakova ◽  
Natalia V. Soldatova ◽  
Elena V. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Call Production ◽  
Contact Calls ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Gazella Subgutturosa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Goitred Gazelle

Abstract Relationships between individualization and the acoustics of contact calls in ungulate mother and young are different between taxa. We compared the acoustic variables and individuality of adult female and neonate goitred gazelles Gazella subgutturosa. Discriminant function analysis based on six acoustic variables of nasal (closed-mouth) contact calls similarly accurately classified calls to neonate and adult individuals in spite of the prominent differences in the acoustic resonances (formants) and the mean fundamental frequency of their calls. In addition, we found prominent differences in duration, mean fundamental frequency and frequencies of the first four formants between nasal and oral (open-mouth) contact calls within and between adult and neonate age-classes. We discuss the effects on the acoustics of call production mode (oral versus nasal) and the relationship of acoustic differences and individuality in mother and young contact calls across species of ruminants (Bovidae and Cervidae).

Evaluation of the Relationship between Salivary Resistin and pH in Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Solmaz Pourzare Mehrbani ◽  
Paria Motahari
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Oral Medicine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

Changes in composition and flow rate of saliva depict secondary systematic variations related to diseases, drugs and treatment of illnesses. This research examines the relationship between the saliva pH and saliva resistin in the seemingly healthy individuals. In this study 82 patients referring to the Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Tabriz Dentistry were examined. Before sampling from the patients with inclusive conditions, their mouths were washed by water and after 15 minutes 5ml of their saliva were collected by drooling in the sterile polyethylene containers. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory and their pH was measured. Then the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was performed by specific kit for saliva resistin measuring. The mean value of saliva resistin was 15.60±7.56 and pH mean value was 7.61±0.68. Results showed that about 61% of patients had resistin higher than15 ng/ml. According to the analysis results, 15.9% of patients had pH less than 7 while 57.3% had pH between 7-8 and 26.8% had pH higher than 8. There was a positive relationship between saliva resistin and pH. Since salivary resistin levels vary in response to different clinical conditions, direct relationship between the saliva resistin and pH indicates that pH changes can depict risk factor for specific diseases.

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