Cytogenetic analyses of intergeneric hybrids between barley and nine species of Elymus

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.-S. Kim ◽  
G. Fedak ◽  
F. Han ◽  
W. Cao
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Bivalent Formation ◽  
Gish Analysis

Wild species in the Triticeae tribe are very valuable resources for agronomic improvement in cereal crop species. Intergeneric hybrids were produced between several barley cultivars and perennial species in the genera Elymus , Thinopyrum , and Pseudoroegneria . Caryopsis formation and subsequent plantlet regeneration from embryo culture were variable depending on the hybrid combinations. Chromosome numbers and hybrid identity were confirmed by GISH analysis on the somatic cells of the hybrids. While the hybrids showed very robust vegetative growth and exceeded the parental spikes in size, their floral morphologies resembled that of the wild species. Meiotic chromosome analysis revealed that the bivalent formation frequency per cell ranged from 0.06 in Hordeum vulgare ‘Betzes’ × Elymus curvatus to 3.0 in Elymus humidus  × H. vulgare ‘Manley’. By GISH analysis on the meiocytes of the hybrid E. humidus × ‘Manley’, the frequency of autosyndetic bivalents exceeded the allosyndetic bivalent formation, which gave an insight into the genome constitution of E. humidus as an autoallohexploid species. Regardless of the low allosyndetic chromosome pairing between barley and E. humidus, this combination may be useful for further input, since E. humidus is known to carry many valuable genes for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Potassium Silicate Drenches Increase Leaf Silicon Content and Affect Morphological Traits of Several Floriculture Crops Grown in a Peat-based Substrate

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil S. Mattson ◽  
W. Roland Leatherwood
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Soilless Substrate

Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient that improves biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of several crop species. Previous Si research with container-grown floriculture crops has either focused on a limited number of species or has been conducted in hydroponics using purified water, but little research has been conducted with plants grown in soilless substrates. The objective of this experiment was to examine whether weekly potassium silicate drenches would alter leaf Si concentration or affect morphological traits of several floriculture species grown in soilless substrate. Rooted liners of 21 cultivars were transplanted into a peat-based substrate. Control plants received no Si supplementation, whereas treated plants were given weekly drenches of 100 mg·L−1 Si from potassium silicate for 10 weeks. Leaf Si concentration of control plants ranged from 211 mg·L−1 for petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Cascadias Cherry Spark’) to 2606 mg·L−1 for argyranthemum [Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. ‘Sunlight’]. Si supplementation increased leaf Si concentration of 11 cultivars; leaf Si concentrations for these supplemented plants were 13% to 145% greater than control plants. Among the taxa studied, Si supplementation response was variable; Si either increased or decreased height, diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, flower diameter, and leaf thickness. For three cultivars, these morphological traits were apparently unaffected by Si supplementation despite accumulating Si. Similarly, significant morphological differences were observed in four cultivars that did not accumulate Si. Eight cultivars both accumulated Si and showed significant morphological differences. Our results demonstrate that many common floriculture species grown in a peat-based substrate do take up Si and that SI may have an effect on plant development. Consequently, more work is needed to determine the appropriate rate of Si supplementation and to examine additional species.

Characterization of elite bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm for spot blotch Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Deep Shikha ◽  
Chandani Latwal ◽  
Elangbam Premabati Devi ◽  
Anupama Singh ◽  
Pawan K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Elite Breeding Lines ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

Abstract Genetic resources are of paramount importance for developing improved crop varieties, particularly for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Spot blotch (SB) is a destructive foliar disease of wheat prevalent in warm and humid regions of the world, especially in the eastern parts of South Asia. For the management of this disease, the most effective measure is the development of resistant cultivars. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to confirm SB resistance in 200 germplasm accessions based on phenotypic observations and molecular characterization. These elite breeding lines obtained from the International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement, Mexico, are developed deploying multiple parentages. These lines were screened for SB resistance in the field under artificially created epiphytotic conditions during 2014–15 and 2015–16 along with two susceptible checks (CIANO T79 and Sonalika) and two resistant checks (Chirya 3 and Francolin). Eighty-two out of 200 germplasm accessions were found resistant to SB and resistance in these lines was confirmed with a specific SSR marker Xgwm148. Three accessions, VORONA/CNO79, KAUZ*3//DOVE/BUC and JUP/BJY//URES/3/HD2206/HORK//BUC/BUL were observed possessing better resistance than the well-known SB-resistant genotype Chirya3. These newly identified resistant lines could be used by wheat breeders for developing SB-resistant wheat varieties.

Intergeneric hybrids of Hordeum vulgare with Agropyron caninum and A. dasystachyum

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Fedak
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Spindle Fibre ◽  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Paternal Parent ◽  
Agropyron Caninum

Hybrids were obtained by pollinating Hordeum vulgare cv. Betzes with Agropyron caninum (4x) and A. dasystachyum (4x) at frequencies of 1.4 and 6.1% of pollinated florets, respectively. The hybrids were sterile and phenotypically resembled the paternal parent, except for floret structure which was intermediate between the parental types. Chromosome pairing at meiosis was very low and thus provided no indication of homoeology between parental genomes. Abnormal meiotic chromosome behavior in meiocytes that occurred in sectors on the 'Betzes' × A. dasystachyum hybrid was attributed to abnormal spindle fibre function.Key words: intergeneric hybrids, Hordeum vulgare, Agropyron caninum, Agropyron dasystachyum.

scholarly journals Oligopaint DNA FISH as a tool for investigating meiotic chromosome dynamics in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah F Rosin ◽  
Jose Gil ◽  
Ines Anna Drinnenberg ◽  
Elissa P Lei
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Spindle Pole ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Homolog Pairing ◽  
Bivalent Formation ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Silkworm Bombyx Mori

Accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis is essential for reproductive success. Yet, many fundamental aspects of meiosis remain unclear, including the mechanisms regulating homolog pairing across species. This gap is partially due to our inability to visualize individual chromosomes during meiosis. Here, we employ Oligopaint FISH to investigate homolog pairing and compaction of meiotic chromosomes in a classical model system, the silkworm Bombyx mori. Our Oligopaint design combines multiplexed barcoding with secondary oligo labeling for high flexibility and low cost. These studies illustrate that Oligopaints are highly specific in whole-mount gonads and on meiotic chromosome spreads. We show that meiotic pairing is robust in both males and female meiosis. Additionally, we show that meiotic bivalent formation in B. mori males is highly similar to bivalent formation in C. elegans, with both of these pathways ultimately resulting in the pairing of chromosome ends with non-paired ends facing the spindle pole and microtubule recruitment independent of the centromere-specifying factor CENP-A.

scholarly journals Meiosis in Polyploids and Implications for Genetic Mapping: A Review

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1517
Author(s):  
Nina Reis Soares ◽  
Marcelo Mollinari ◽  
Gleicy K. Oliveira ◽  
Guilherme S. Pereira ◽  
Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Map Construction ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Bivalent Formation ◽  
Essential Knowledge

Plant cytogenetic studies have provided essential knowledge on chromosome behavior during meiosis, contributing to our understanding of this complex process. In this review, we describe in detail the meiotic process in auto- and allopolyploids from the onset of prophase I through pairing, recombination, and bivalent formation, highlighting recent findings on the genetic control and mode of action of specific proteins that lead to diploid-like meiosis behavior in polyploid species. During the meiosis of newly formed polyploids, related chromosomes (homologous in autopolyploids; homologous and homoeologous in allopolyploids) can combine in complex structures called multivalents. These structures occur when multiple chromosomes simultaneously pair, synapse, and recombine. We discuss the effectiveness of crossover frequency in preventing multivalent formation and favoring regular meiosis. Homoeologous recombination in particular can generate new gene (locus) combinations and phenotypes, but it may destabilize the karyotype and lead to aberrant meiotic behavior, reducing fertility. In crop species, understanding the factors that control pairing and recombination has the potential to provide plant breeders with resources to make fuller use of available chromosome variations in number and structure. We focused on wheat and oilseed rape, since there is an abundance of elucidating studies on this subject, including the molecular characterization of the Ph1 (wheat) and PrBn (oilseed rape) loci, which are known to play a crucial role in regulating meiosis. Finally, we exploited the consequences of chromosome pairing and recombination for genetic map construction in polyploids, highlighting two case studies of complex genomes: (i) modern sugarcane, which has a man-made genome harboring two subgenomes with some recombinant chromosomes; and (ii) hexaploid sweet potato, a naturally occurring polyploid. The recent inclusion of allelic dosage information has improved linkage estimation in polyploids, allowing multilocus genetic maps to be constructed.

scholarly journals Heat Shock Proteins: Dynamic Biomolecules to Counter Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5321 ◽  
Author(s):  
ul Haq ◽  
Khan ◽  
Ali ◽  
Khattak ◽  
Gai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Shock Proteins

Due to the present scenario of climate change, plants have to evolve strategies to survive and perform under a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses, which restrict plant productivity. Maintenance of plant protein functional conformation and preventing non-native proteins from aggregation, which leads to metabolic disruption, are of prime importance. Plant heat shock proteins (HSPs), as chaperones, play a pivotal role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, HSP also enhances membrane stability and detoxifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by positively regulating the antioxidant enzymes system. Additionally, it uses ROS as a signal to molecules to induce HSP production. HSP also enhances plant immunity by the accumulation and stability of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins under various biotic stresses. Thus, to unravel the entire plant defense system, the role of HSPs are discussed with a special focus on plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which will be helpful in the development of stress tolerance in plant crops.

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