Genetic and cytological analyses of three lethal ovule mutants in soybean (Glycine max; Leguminosae)

Genome ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. S. Pereira ◽  
H. Ilarslan ◽  
R. G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Gene Tagging ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Ovule Abortion ◽  
Color Mutant ◽  
Partial Sterility ◽  
Allelism Tests

Soybean partially sterile mutants 2, 3, and 4 (PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4), recovered from a gene-tagging experiment, were studied to clarify their inheritance, linkage, allelism, and reproductive biology. The PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 mutants were maintained as heterozygotes and upon self-pollination segregated l fertile: l partially-sterile. For inheritance and linkage tests, all three PS mutants were crossed to flower color mutant Harosoy-w4 and to chlorophyll-deficient (CD) mutants CD-1 and CD-5, also recovered from the tagging study. For allelism tests, reciprocal crosses were made among the three partially sterile mutants. Linkage results indicated that the gene for partial sterility in the PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 mutants was not linked either to the w4 locus or to the genes for chlorophyll deficiency. Studies of pollen development, pollen viability, and pollen-tube germination indicated no difference between normal and partially sterile genotypes. Linkage and allelism tests indicated that the gene in the three partially sterile mutants was not transmitted through the female when they were used as a female parent. A study of megagametogenesis indicated that the ovules from partially sterile plants had normal embryo sac development. Ovule abortion was due to failure of fertilization.Key words: partially sterile, gene tagging, ovule abortion, soybean.

scholarly journals The mac1 Gene: Controlling the Commitment to the Meiotic Pathway in Maize

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F Sheridan ◽  
Nadezhda A Avalkina ◽  
Ivan I Shamrov ◽  
Tatyana B Batyea ◽  
Inna N Golubovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Ovule Development ◽  
Partial Sterility ◽  
Embryo Sac Formation ◽  
Female Gametophyte Development ◽  
Normal Meiosis ◽  
Pleiotropic Mutation

Abstract The switch from the vegetative to the reproductive pathway of development in flowering plants requires the commitment of the subepidermal cells of the ovules and anthers to enter the meiotic pathway. These cells, the hypodermal cells, either directly or indirectly form the archesporial cells that, in turn, differentiate into the megasporocytes and microsporocytes. We have isolated a recessive pleiotropic mutation that we have termed multiple archesporial cells1 (macl) and located it to the short arm of chromosome 10. Its cytological phenotype suggests that this locus plays an important role in the switch of the hypodermal cells from the vegetative to the meiotic (sporogenous) pathway in maize ovules. During normal ovule development in maize, only a single hypodermal cell develops into an archesporial cell and this differentiates into the single megasporocyte. In macl mutant ovules several hypodermal cells develop into archesporial cells, and the resulting megasporocytes undergo a normal meiosis. More than one megaspore survives in the tetrad and more than one embryo sac is formed in each ovule. Ears on mutant plants show partial sterility resulting from abnormalities in megaspore differentiation and embryo sac formation. The sporophytic expression of this gene is therefore also important for normal female gametophyte development.

Reproductive success in a reintroduced population of a critically endangered shrub, Symonanthus bancroftii (Solanaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qigang Ye ◽  
Eric Bunn ◽  
Siegfried L. Krauss ◽  
Kingsley W. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sterile Culture

Symonanthus bancroftii is a critically endangered dioecious shrub, with only one male and one female plant known in the wild. Micropropagated, clonal plants of the male and female parents were hand-pollinated. Seed was germinated in sterile culture and a subsequent daughter (F1) seedling was multiplied in vitro. Micropropagated plants of the original parents and daughter were reintroduced to a natural habitat site. We detail the first study of pollination biology and reproductive success in this extremely rare species. Floral morphology, flowering phenology, pollen viability, female receptivity and fruit set of reintroduced plants of S. bancroftii were investigated. Flower viability of S. bancroftii shows a 25-day maximum for male flowers, whereas non-pollinated female flowers remain viable for a maximum of 38 days (female parent) and 41 days (daughter), respectively. Flowering of reintroduced male and female plants overlaps from mid-June to early November. Pollen remained viable for at least 8 days after anther dehiscence. Maximum stigma longevity recorded was 28 days (female parent) and 39 days (daughter) and maximum ovule longevity varied from 13 days (female parent) to 28 days (daughter). The mean percentage of flowers setting fruit was 39 ± 13% for female parent plants and 48 ± 4% for daughter plants. Empirical reproductive success measures for male–daughter crosses generally exceeded those of the original parent crosses. The reproductive success of S. bancroftii so soon after reintroduction of plants is a positive sign indicating that rapid accumulation of a soil seedbank is feasible and is thus an important first step towards successful establishment of self-sustaining populations of this critically endangered species.

Apospory in Paspalum thunbergii

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohua Ma ◽  
Xuelin Huang ◽  
Nanxian Zhao ◽  
Qiusheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Paraffin Section ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Mother Cells

The cytology, development of aposporous embryo sac, pro-embryo and pseudogamy in Paspalum thunbergii Kunth ex Steud. was studied. P. thunbergii was found to be a tetraploid cytotype, with a chromosome number of 40. Meiosis of the pollen mother cells was irregular, pollen viability was low and multiporate pollens were often observed. Megasporogenesis began normally; however, the megaspore deteriorated at the developmental stage of tetrad, while one to five specific nucellar cells became active and began enlarging, and then developed into aposporous embryo sacs. The mature aposporous sacs usually had three nuclei characterised by one egg cell and two polar nuclei. The egg cell developed spontaneously to form pro-embryos prior to anthesis. When several aposporous sacs occurred in the same ovule, usually one sac near the micropyle was involved in pseudogamy, while the other sacs were not involved. Low frequency of twin-embryo seedlings was observed after seeds matured. Examination of three successive generations by paraffin-section and clearing methods revealed that no sexual sac was present. Therefore, the species P. thunbergii is considered to be an obligate apomict that reproduces by apospory.

Studies of haploid–diploid twins in flax (Linum usitatissimum)

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Chromosomal Pairing ◽  
Haploid Embryos ◽  
Double Cross

The present study was designed to investigate the origin of twin seedlings in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The twins were derived from crosses of high-twinning × nontwinning lines. The data presented were based on the following: (i) the morphology of twins in terms of variations in the position, orientation, and size of the twin embryos in the embryo sac and in the mature seed; (ii) the cytological interpretation of meiosis in the haploid and diploid member of F2 twins, and chromosomal pairing of the F3 diploid, triploid, and trisomic progeny obtained from crossing haploid × diploid F2 twins; and (iii) the genetic analysis of twinning frequencies, seed set by twins in single and double cross progenies, and the combinations of flower color phenotypes in F2 twins derived from blue flower × white flower crosses. The results, based on the survival rate of the haploid embryos, the cytological interpretation of meiosis, the fertility in the haploids, and in particular, the flower phenotype of twins in nine F2 families, support the hypothesis that the progenitors of the twin embryos are two-megaspore nuclei rather than one.Key words: flax twins.

Utilization of M. sativa ssp. caerulea × M. sativa ssp. sativa hybridization in improvement of alfalfa aluminium tolerance

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Dragan Milić ◽  
Ksenija Taški-Ajduković ◽  
Nevena Nagl ◽  
Jovanka Atlagić ◽  
Đura Karagić
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Principal Coordinates

AbstractSensitivity of alfalfa to acidity and aluminium (Al) toxicity in soil is the major limiting factor in broadening of its growing area. Due to lack of Al tolerance in primary alfalfa germplasm, there is a need for transfer of genes for Al tolerance from other Medicago germplasm. One of the identified sources of Al tolerance is M. sativa ssp. caerulea accession PI 464724, which was used as a female parent in our study. The objectives of this study were: (i) obtaining the tetraploid offspring from 2x–4x M. sativa ssp. caerulea – M. sativa ssp. sativa spontaneous crosses, and (ii) development of a breeding strategy for Al/acid tolerance in alfalfa, using M. sativa ssp. caerulea as a source of Al tolerance. Out of eleven fully developed plants, five were morphologically similar to M. sativa ssp. caerulae, while six plants were similar to M. sativa ssp. sativa. All tested plants were fertile, with the pollen viability ranging from 21.45 to 97.09% and the average number of ovules per plant from 8.80 to 12.29. Eleven SSR primer pairs confirmed the hybrid nature of M. sativa ssp. caerulae × M. sativa ssp. sativa offspring. Both the Cluster Analysis and the Principal Coordinates Analysis separated plants in the caerulae type from plants in the sativa type, with one exception. Strategies based on conventional and molecular marker breeding efforts could lead towards development of tolerant alfalfa cultivars and successful crop production on acidic, Al-contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Hibiscus syriacus 'Dasom', A New Flower-Color Mutant Variety Developed by Radiation Breeding

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hoon Kim ◽  
Dong Sub Kim ◽  
Jin-Baek Kim ◽  
Bo-Keun Ha ◽  
Duk Man Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Mutant ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

scholarly journals Kavunda ABA Uygulamalarının Bitki Büyümesi, Çiçek Cinsiyeti ve Çiçek Tozu Kalitesine Etkileri

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1224
Author(s):  
İlknur Solmaz ◽  
Esma Kartal ◽  
Nebahat Sarı
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Male Flowers

It is important to use male sterility or chemical hybridization agents (CHA) to cause male sterility in the andromonoic female parent material to avoid time, labor and yield loss in hybrid seed production in melon. In this study, the effects of ABA which is a phytohormone and used as CHA in some plant species, on plant growth, male flower formation and pollen quality in Galia melon variety were investigated. In this research, two doses of 250 and 500 ppm of ABA were applied at seedling (F), at the first flowering period of hanged plants in greenhouse (İÇ) and at seedling + first flowering periods (F + İÇ). The control treatment was only sprayed with water. According to research findings, F + İÇ and F applications of 500 ppm dose of ABA were slightly suppressed the plant growth at the beginning, however this effect was lifted with the increase of temperature. While ABA applications did not prevent opening of male flowers, the number of male flowers were decreased by 62% compared to control at 500 ppm F + İÇ application. There is no quality enhancing effect of ABA applications on pollen viability and germination which both were found above 95%.

scholarly journals Seedless fruit pummelo induced by Gamma Ray irradiation: Fruit morphological characters and stability evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
BAIQ DINA MARIANA ◽  
HIDAYATUL ARISAH ◽  
YENNI YENNI ◽  
MARRY SELVAWAJAYANTI
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Stability Evaluation ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Customer Preferences ◽  
Seedless Fruit ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

Mariana BD, Arisah H, Yenni, Selvawajayanti M. 2018. Seedless fruit pummelo induced by Gamma Ray irradiation: Fruit morphological characters and stability evaluation. Biodiversitas 19: 656-661. Pummelo is one of native citrus crops found in South East Asia including Indonesia. It is well known due to its big size and distinct taste compared to other citrus fruits. However, it contains many seeds, which may reduce the market demand and customer preferences. Therefore, the objective of this study was to generate seedless citrus by mutation techniques using gamma-ray radiation. The mutant induction of Pamelo Nambangan using gamma-ray radiation was conducted in 2003 using bud wood as plant materials. The bud wood was then irradiated with the dosage of 20, 40, and 60 Gy. The buds then grafted to Japansche Citroen rootstocks and maintained properly until the fruits could be observed. After three years of selection based on performance and fruit evaluation on MV2 generation, a mutant plant derived from 20 Gy irradiation treatments were obtained with improved character on the number of seeds. Pamelo Nambangan has more than 40 seeds/fruit and the mutant has less than 10 seeds/fruit on average. In the seedless mutant, it was observed that the mutant has embryo sac abortion leading to seedless fruit and low pollen viability (7.7%). The mutant has been released in 2016 as a new seedless pummelo variety under the name of ‘Pamindo Agrihorti’.

scholarly journals An Induced Mutant for Blue Flowers in Common Bean That Is Not Allelic to V or Sal and Is Linked to Fin

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Methyl Violet ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Single Recessive Gene ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Allelism Tests ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Induced Mutant

A mutation for blue (methyl-violet) flower color was induced by gamma irradiation of dry seed in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Inheritance and allelism tests demonstrated that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene that is not allelic with Sal or V. The gene symbol blu is proposed for this mutant. Linkage was detected between blu and Fin, which controls the change from indeterminate to determinate plant habit. Three linkage estimates ranged from 19 to 35 cM, but the large variability (homogeneity x2 = 45.32) precludes making a conclusive combined estimate of linkage. The tentative combined estimate of linkage is 27 cM.

scholarly journals Pod set and Pollen Viability Studies in Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata sub sp. sesquipedalis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Merin E G ◽  
Sarada S ◽  
Celine V A
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Hand Pollination

A study was conducted in a yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata sup/ssp. sesquipedalis) hybrid VS 50 (Kakkamoola Local) x VS 26 (Vellayani Jyothika) to assess the percentage fruit set at two time intervals and to identify the best time interval for pollination in yard long bean hybrids. Hand pollination was done using VS 50 as female parent and VS 26 as male parent for seven consecutive days at two time intervals, 6.30 – 7.30 am and 7.30 – 8.30 am. Higher percentage of fruit set (36.8 %) was observed between 6:30 – 7:30 a.m. as compared to the time interval 7:30 – 8:30 am. (23.8%). Pollen viability was determined for the parents VS 50 (Kakkamoola Local) and VS 26 (Vellayani Jyothika) at 6.30, 7.30 and 8.30 am. Highest pollen viability for both the parents VS 50 and VS 26 was observed during 7.30 am. The present study shows that the best time interval for crossing in yard long bean is 6.30- 7.30 a.m.

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