Impact of urbanization on hydrologic response of a small Ontario watershed

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Cook ◽  
W. T. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Unit Hydrograph ◽  
Open Drainage ◽  
Spring Runoff

The Speedvale Experimental Basin, a 210 ha watershed on the outskirts of Guelph, Ontario, was established in 1965 as an International Hydrological Decade project for the purpose of studying impacts of urbanization on hydrologic response. A relatively extensive hydrologic database regarding precipitation, streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater has been assembled for the preurbanization period from 1966 to 1974 and for the period of ongoing development from 1975 to 1982. The study area, located physiographically within the Guelph Drumlin Field, was used for mixed agricultural purposes prior to 1974. During 1975 and 1976, 155 ha of the basin were serviced for development for light industrial and commercial usage, dramatically altering the configuration of the drainage system. The major alteration was the installation of a stormwater conveyance system, consisting of a large-diameter storm sewer (2.5 and 3.0 m) and a network of open drainage ditches outletting through ditch inlet catch basins into a main drainage channel.With the changes in land use in the basin have come changes in both volumetric and time distribution aspects of hydrologic response. Changes in the response include (i) an increase in the mean annual runoff coefficient by a factor of 1.5, (ii) an increase in the average annual maximum instantaneous discharge by a factor of almost 3.0, (iii) a change in the time of the annual peak flow from occurring solely in the spring runoff period to occurring throughout the various seasons, (iv) a change in the seasonal pattern of monthly runoff coefficients, with the greatest change observed in the summer and lesser changes observed in the other seasons, (v) a 3-fold reduction in unit hydrograph lag time, and (vi) a 3.5-fold increase in unit hydrograph peak discharge. Key words: urbanization, hydrology, surface water runoff, streamflow, watersheds.

Методика гидравлического расчета инновационных конструкций системы отвода поверхностных сточных вод

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
L. Vereshchagina ◽  
A. Ten ◽  
G. Gromov ◽  
D. Khudiakova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Open Drainage ◽  
The Eu

Представлена методика гидравлического расчета открытых каналов (лотков) системы водоотвода АСО Qmax. Каналы предназначены для сбора и отведения поверхностных (дождевых, талых и поливомоечных) сточных вод с городских территорий различного функционального назначения: паркингов, складских комплексов, торговых центров, транспортных терминалов, автомагистралей, объектов дорожного сервиса, промышленных зон с интенсивным движением грузового автотранспорта, морских и речных причалов, аэродромов, спортивных объектов, внутриквартальных, парковых и других территорий, где допускается использование открытых систем водостока. Методика разработана специалистами АО МосводоканалНИИпроект с учетом законодательства и нормативнометодических документов Российской Федерации, регламентирующих проектирование систем отведения и очистки поверхностных сточных вод с территории поселений. В основе методики результаты экспериментальных исследований по определению гидравлических характеристик каналов системы водоотвода АСО Qmax, которые являются разновидностью открытых лотковых систем и широко используются в странах ЕС для благоустройства территорий.The method of hydraulic calculation of open canals of the surface runoff drainage system ACO Qmax is presented. The canals are designed to collect and drain surface (rain, snowmelt and street flush water) runoff from urban areas of various functional purposes: parking lots, warehouse complexes, shopping centers, transport terminals, highways, service area facilities, industrial areas with heavy traffic, marine and river terminals, airfields, sports facilities, local park and other areas where the use of open drainage systems is allowed. The method was developed by the experts of MosvodokanalNIIproject JSC taking into account the legislative, regulatory and procedural documents of the Russian Federation governing the design of systems for the removal and treatment of surface runoff from the territory of settlements. The method is based on the results of experimental studies on determining the hydraulic characteristics of canals of the ACO Qmax drainage system that are a sort of open systems and are widely used in the EU countries for land improvements.

THE INFLUENCE OF IMPROVED PLACEMENT OF FLOW-REGULATING FOREST BELTS ON THE FORMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF OF MELTWATER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Petelko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Combined Design ◽  
Spring Runoff ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
Snow Deposition

The materials of scientific research for a number of years on the formation of melt water runoff on autumn plowing with stock-regulating forest belts of a combined design with low-growing shrubs are presented. It was revealed that the spring runoff depends on the main natural factors: moisture, soil freezing and snow deposition.

scholarly journals Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world’s largest animal

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (50) ◽  
pp. 25329-25332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Goldbogen ◽  
D. E. Cade ◽  
J. Calambokidis ◽  
M. F. Czapanskiy ◽  
J. Fahlbusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Blue Whale ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Lunge Feeding

The biology of the blue whale has long fascinated physiologists because of the animal’s extreme size. Despite high energetic demands from a large body, low mass-specific metabolic rates are likely powered by low heart rates. Diving bradycardia should slow blood oxygen depletion and enhance dive time available for foraging at depth. However, blue whales exhibit a high-cost feeding mechanism, lunge feeding, whereby large volumes of prey-laden water are intermittently engulfed and filtered during dives. This paradox of such a large, slowly beating heart and the high cost of lunge feeding represents a unique test of our understanding of cardiac function, hemodynamics, and physiological limits to body size. Here, we used an electrocardiogram (ECG)-depth recorder tag to measure blue whale heart rates during foraging dives as deep as 184 m and as long as 16.5 min. Heart rates during dives were typically 4 to 8 beats min−1 (bpm) and as low as 2 bpm, while after-dive surface heart rates were 25 to 37 bpm, near the estimated maximum heart rate possible. Despite extreme bradycardia, we recorded a 2.5-fold increase above diving heart rate minima during the powered ascent phase of feeding lunges followed by a gradual decrease of heart rate during the prolonged glide as engulfed water is filtered. These heart rate dynamics explain the unique hemodynamic design in rorqual whales consisting of a large-diameter, highly compliant, elastic aortic arch that allows the aorta to accommodate blood ejected by the heart and maintain blood flow during the long and variable pauses between heartbeats.

scholarly journals Role of discrete water recharge from supraglacial drainage systems in modeling patterns of subglacial conduits in Svalbard glaciers

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Decaux ◽  
Mariusz Grabiec ◽  
Dariusz Ignatiuk ◽  
Jacek Jania
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Watershed Modeling ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract. As the behavior of subglacial water plays a determining role in glacier dynamics, it requires particular attention, especially in the context of climate warming, which is increasing ablation and generating greater amounts of meltwater. On many glaciers, water flowing from the glacier's surface is the main source of supply to the subglacial drainage system. This system is largely influenced by the supraglacial drainage system, which collects meltwater and precipitation and rapidly delivers it to discrete points in the glacier bed via moulins and crevassed areas, called water input areas (WIAs). Models of patterns of subglacial conduits mainly based on the hydrological potential gradient are still regularly performed without taking into account the supraglacial drainage system. We modeled the pattern of subglacial channels in two glaciers located in Svalbard, the land-terminating Werenskioldbreen and the tidewater Hansbreen during the 2015 melt season. We modeled a spatial and a discrete water recharge in order to compare them. First, supraglacial catchments were determined for each WIA on a high-resolution digital elevation model using the standard watershed modeling tool in ArcGIS. Then, interpolated water runoff was calculated for all the main WIAs. Our model also accounts for several water pressure conditions. For our two studied glaciers, during the ablation season 2015, 72.5 % of total runoff was provided by meltwater and 27.5 % by precipitation. Changes in supraglacial drainage on a decadal timescale are observed in contrast to its nearly stable state on an annual timescale. Nevertheless, due to the specific nature of those changes, it seems to have a low impact on the subglacial system. Therefore, our models of subglacial channel are assumed to be valid for a minimum period of two decades and depend on changes in the supraglacial drainage system. Results showed that, for Svalbard tidewater glaciers with large crevassed areas, models of subglacial channels that assume spatial water recharge may be somewhat imprecise but are far from being completely incorrect, especially for the ablation zone. On the other hand, it is important to take discrete water recharge into account in the case of land-terminating Svalbard glaciers with limited crevassed areas. In all cases, considering a discrete water recharge when modeling patterns of theoretical subglacial channels seems to produce more realistic results according to current knowledge.

scholarly journals Evaluating the performance of low impact development practices in urban runoff mitigation through distributed and combined implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1506-1520
Author(s):  
Sina Samouei ◽  
Mehmet Özger
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Runoff Reduction

Abstract Rapid urbanization and increasing impervious surfaces in cities lead to a serious reduction in infiltration rate of the surface and cause challenges in stormwater management. The Low Impact Development (LID) concept is considered as a potential solution for sustainable urban growth by contributing in urban flood mitigation. However, its effects on hydrologic response of the urbanized catchments, especially in broad scale implementation, are not fully understood and practically examined. In this study a hydrologic-hydraulic model of a small catchment was developed in EPA storm water management model (SWMM) program and calibrated and validated through field measurements. The hydrologic response of the catchment was investigated after replacing proportions of impervious surfaces with combinations of LID practices such as green roof, permeable pavement and bio-retention cell, through four land cover conversion scenarios and under five different designed storm events. The simulation results which are derived by comparison of outflow hydrographs between each scenario and conventional drainage system indicated that implementing 5–20% of LIDs has a noticeable impact on runoff peak flow and volume reduction, especially in storm events with shorter return periods. Also the runoff reduction trends show a linear response due to the increase in LID implementation ratio in the study area.

Modelling and Simulation of Open Drainage Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 373-375 ◽  
pp. 427-430
Author(s):  
Li Hui Cen ◽  
Hong Lin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Identification ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Open Drainage ◽  
Simplified Models ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Identification Method ◽  
Duke University

This paper proposed a parameter identification method for simplified models of open drainage systems. SWMM is used to identify these parameters by taking the rainfall data as the input. Simulations show that the results of the proposed method have high accordance with those of SWMM. The drainage system of Duke University is taken as an example to demonstrate our approach.

A GENERALIZED WIDTH FUNCTION OF FRACTAL RIVER NETWORK FOR THE CALCULATION OF HYDROLOGIC RESPONSES

Fractals ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 157-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
PENG-JUI WANG ◽  
RU-YIH WANG
Keyword(s):  
River Network ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Unit Hydrograph ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Width Function ◽  
Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
Hydrologic Responses ◽  
Northern Taiwan

An approach to apply the fractal concept to estimate hydrologic response is proposed in this paper by matching suitable self-similar networks (SSNs) to a specific watershed, and modeling the runoff with a width-function based geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (WF-GIUH). In order to work out the identification between a specific basin and SSNs that are generated by an interior generator cooperating with an exterior generator, a generalized width function is derived. Subsequently, cumulative width functions on the basis of the derived function, as well as the informational entropies are used as criteria to decide the best patterns of the two cooperating generators for the specific watershed. The WF-GIUH model is then applied to calculate the runoff of this watershed as an outcome of the estimation. To assess the adaptability of the estimation model, San-Hsia watershed of Northern Taiwan is selected as a study area, where the analytical results of the outflow estimation indicate that the fractal algorithm has been implemented successfully for the calculation of hydrologic responses.

Wetter or colder during the Last Glacial Maximum? Revisiting the pluvial lake question in southwestern North America

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten M. Menking ◽  
Roger Y. Anderson ◽  
Nabil G. Shafike ◽  
Kamran H. Syed ◽  
Bruce D. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Glacial Maximum ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Pleistocene Climate ◽  
Surface Water Runoff ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

Well-preserved shorelines in Estancia basin and a relatively simple hydrologic setting have prompted several inquiries into the basin's hydrologic balance for the purpose of estimating regional precipitation during the late Pleistocene. Estimates have ranged from 86% to 150% of modern, the disparity largely the result of assumptions about past temperatures. In this study, we use an array of models for surface-water runoff, groundwater flow, and lake energy balance to examine previously proposed scenarios for late Pleistocene climate. Constraints imposed by geologic evidence of past lake levels indicate that precipitation for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have doubled relative to modern values during brief episodes of colder and wetter climate and that annual runoff was as much as 15% of annual precipitation during these episodes.

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