THE INFLUENCE OF IMPROVED PLACEMENT OF FLOW-REGULATING FOREST BELTS ON THE FORMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF OF MELTWATER

Purpose: generalization and analysis of long-term observations for climatic indicators changes and the surface melt water runoff value and study of their effect on soil erosion using the example of Rostov region. Research objectives: to analyze global and regional climate changes in Rostov region from 1936 to 2019, to determine the patterns of the climate change impact on surface runoff and soil erosion (based on long-term field observations from 1970 to 2020). Methods: observations for surface runoff were carried out at runoff sites according to generally accepted methods; the methods of mathematical analysis and statistics were used to summarize and analyze the data obtained. Results. The analysis showed that for the period from 1936 to 2019, the average annual temperature in Rostov region increased by an average of 1.9 °С, the amount of precipitation increased by an average of 148 mm, but the unevenness of their precipitation by months increased, and only in August there is a regular decrease in precipitation at all observation points. This was reflected in the depth of soil freezing, which averaged 47.5 cm from 1970 to 1990, and from 2010 to 2020 decreased to 19 cm, i. e., almost 2.5 times. From 1970 to 1990, the water reserve in the snow before snowmelt was 53.6 mm, from 1991 to 2009 – 43.4 mm, from 2010 to 2020 – 33.5 mm, i. e., there was a decrease in comparison with the first period by 1.6 times. Conclusions. Observation for the melt water runoff for the above period showed that the runoff layer decreased from 19.0 to 4.2 mm, and the probability of its formation is 1 time in 3 years on loose arable land, and 2 times in 3 years on compacted land. In accordance with this, the value of soil washout in the period 1970–1990 amounted to 8.9 t/ha, and in the last decade, 2 times less – 4.2 t/ha. All these data should be taken into account when planning the system of soil protection measures.

Simulation of the Occurrence of Water Runoff in Soils Under Cultivation of Industrial Tomato Irrigated by Center Pivot

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n7p48 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Diogo. H. M. Moraes ◽

José Alves Júnior ◽

Marcio Mesquita ◽

Adão. W. P. Evangelista ◽

Derblai Casaroli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Runoff ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Numerical Technique ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Clayey Soils ◽

Infiltration Capacity ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Center Pivot ◽

Different Types

The tomato crop is almost totally irrigated. Among the irrigation methods utilized, mechanized sprinkling by center pivot stands out in tomato cultivation. A cultural treatment used in the tomato is the synchronization of the irrigations with the applications of the pesticides since with the leaf wetting the plants become unprotected and susceptible to diseases. In an attempt to reduce pesticide applications, growers seek to increase the time between irrigations, however, there are limitations, inherent to the soil and the irrigation system itself. The objective of this work was to simulate the soil water runoff tendency for irrigation management in the tomato crop, simulating three different types of soils (sandy, medium and clayey), three declines (0, 5 and 10%), and two types of deflectors (I-Wob and Spray). For this, four pivot sizes (25, 50, 75 and 100 ha) were defined and the methodology of maximum allowable precipitation estimated by the Newton-Raphson numerical technique was used to verify the different runoff conditions. The results showed that clayey soils are more susceptible when compared to medium and sandy soils, to surface runoff. Pivots of 100, 75 and 50 ha present greater susceptibility to runoff, with 25 ha being the best suitability for infiltration capacity in both soils. There is a percentage reduction of the maximum allowable rainfall of 40.74 % (±1.54) when the terrain is plan and pass to have 5% inclination and 22.99% (±1.47) between 5 and 10 %. I-Wob type deflectors have a better distribution of application, a consequently better relation with the maximum allowable precipitation intensity and less possibility of the surface runoff.

Impact of urbanization on hydrologic response of a small Ontario watershed

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l86-096 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 620-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. J. Cook ◽

W. T. Dickinson

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Drainage System ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Annual Runoff ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Hydrologic Response ◽

Unit Hydrograph ◽

Open Drainage ◽

Spring Runoff

The Speedvale Experimental Basin, a 210 ha watershed on the outskirts of Guelph, Ontario, was established in 1965 as an International Hydrological Decade project for the purpose of studying impacts of urbanization on hydrologic response. A relatively extensive hydrologic database regarding precipitation, streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater has been assembled for the preurbanization period from 1966 to 1974 and for the period of ongoing development from 1975 to 1982. The study area, located physiographically within the Guelph Drumlin Field, was used for mixed agricultural purposes prior to 1974. During 1975 and 1976, 155 ha of the basin were serviced for development for light industrial and commercial usage, dramatically altering the configuration of the drainage system. The major alteration was the installation of a stormwater conveyance system, consisting of a large-diameter storm sewer (2.5 and 3.0 m) and a network of open drainage ditches outletting through ditch inlet catch basins into a main drainage channel.With the changes in land use in the basin have come changes in both volumetric and time distribution aspects of hydrologic response. Changes in the response include (i) an increase in the mean annual runoff coefficient by a factor of 1.5, (ii) an increase in the average annual maximum instantaneous discharge by a factor of almost 3.0, (iii) a change in the time of the annual peak flow from occurring solely in the spring runoff period to occurring throughout the various seasons, (iv) a change in the seasonal pattern of monthly runoff coefficients, with the greatest change observed in the summer and lesser changes observed in the other seasons, (v) a 3-fold reduction in unit hydrograph lag time, and (vi) a 3.5-fold increase in unit hydrograph peak discharge. Key words: urbanization, hydrology, surface water runoff, streamflow, watersheds.

Influence of the type of watershed on melt water runoff and soil losses on chernozem

Scientific Journal of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems ◽

10.31774/2222-1816-2021-11-1-147-161 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ye. V. Poluektov ◽

◽

G. T. Balakay ◽

Ya. I. Kulaeva ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arable Land ◽

Adaptive Landscape ◽

Soil Protection ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Protection Measures ◽

Rostov Region ◽

Wide Range ◽

Melt Water ◽

Soil Losses ◽

Erosion Intensity

Purpose: to establish the influence of the watershed form on the intensity of snowmelt water runoff and the bulk of eroded soil on the chernozems of Rostov region. Tasks: to analyze long-term (1970–2020) studies of surface runoff bulks, including various types (forms) of watersheds, from compacted and loose arable land; to establish patterns and to obtain the dependence of the bulk of washed soil on the runoff coefficient and the watershed form. Research methods are generally accepted; runoff sites were used on the slopes of Bolshoi Log in Aksai district Rostov region. The indicators of the erosion intensity which make it possible to judge the quantitative loss of soil volumes and bulk depending on the type of watershed, the volume of precipitation, the melt water runoff and other factors were studied. Results. It was found that the amount of soil washed off during melt water runoff varies within wide range, but in most cases does not exceed 3–10 t/ha. The erosion intensity most often coincides with the largest runoff layer, since in these cases it passes over the soil thawed from the surface. Soil washout is decreasing; in the period from 1970 to 1991, the average annual bulk of soil washed away from the fall plowed land was an average of 7.5 t/ha, and from winter wheat crops, 10.2 t/ha. In the next 20 years (1991–2009), soil losses from fall plows amounted to 4.6 t/ha, from winter crops – 6.8 t/ha, and in the last 10 years, respectively, 5.0 and 3.1 t/ha. Soil loss on the slope of the southern exposure was 0.65 from the northern one. In the rills of the northwestern exposure, the melt water runoff was 10–20 % higher than on the slopes between the rills; soil washout along the thalweg of rills reaches 40 % or more of the total bulk of washed out soil. Conclusions. These data, in combination with the conditions for the occurrence of the phenomena under consideration, are used for a scientifically grounded choice of a system of soil protection measures for an adaptive landscape farming system and their forecasting over time.

SURFACE MELT WATER RUNOFF ON THE ARABLE LANDS OF THE LOWER DON

Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Engineering ◽

10.31774/2712-9357-2021-11-4-174-186 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

D. P. Sidarenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Arable Land ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Erosion Processes ◽

Rostov Region ◽

Melt Water ◽

Runoff Rate ◽

The Impact ◽

Term Data

Purpose: to study the indicators of melt water runoff from arable land of various compaction and to assess its quantitative and qualitative characteristics based on long-term data. Materials and methods. Studies of the intensity of melt water runoff were carried out in the Azov zone of Rostov region in the period 1964–2018 by a number of researchers, including the author of the article. Results. The runoff indicators for a 55-year period are characterized by significant fluctuations. Analysis of long-term data revealed that the indicator of melt water runoff rate from loose arable land for the period 1964–2018 averaged 9.0 mm/year and on compacted arable land averaged 17.5 mm/year. On loose arable land, the maximum runoff rate for a 55-year period is 25.3 mm, on compacted arable land it is 47.3 mm. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was revealed that the average water reserve in snow on the surface of the fall-plowed land is 43.7 mm, and 48.7 mm on the winter wheat sowing. In general, for two agrophonies, the runoff indicator for the period 1964–2018 was most often characterized as weak and very weak only on loose arable land. Calculations of statistical indicators of runoff data revealed that they are not uniform, for example, the coefficient of runoff variation from loose arable land was 115.4 %, and from compacted arable land 70.4 %, with a coefficient of variation above 33 %, the aggregate is considered heterogeneous. Rostov region, having a large agricultural potential, is experiencing significant problems from the impact of negative natural processes, among which one of the first places belongs to erosion processes. Conclusions. In the course of generalization of long-term data on melt water runoff from arable land of varying degrees of compaction, indicators that made it possible to plot the flow availability curves were obtained. The use of the results obtained makes it possible to predict the occurrence of runoff of various intensities and thereby prevent its negative impact on agricultural land with the minimal material costs.

Reduction of surface runoff on sloped agricultural land in potato cultivation in de-stoned soil

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/736/2018-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 118-124

Author(s):

Daniel Vejchar ◽

Josef Vacek ◽

David Hájek ◽

Jiří Bradna ◽

Pavel Kasal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Runoff ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Total Yield ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Row Crops ◽

Production Areas ◽

Surface Water Runoff

Regarding the increased surface runoff from production areas, wide-row crops grown on slopes are considered risk crops. By reducing the surface runoff, it is possible to mitigate the negative effects on both the soil and the plants and positively influence the subsequent production, e.g., after application of de-stoning before planting. During this research, the tied ridging method was applied during planting by a two-row planter in both central and tractor trail furrows in potato rows and on the slope of 8.8% compared to a control plot without this treatment. Rainfall and surface water runoff were monitored, and the crop yields were compared. During three monitored years, up to 86% of the runoff water in the central furrows was saved compared to the control, whereas it was up to 72% in the wider furrows for tractor travel. The total yield was increased on the treated area, however, the increase could not be statistically proven.

Zoning of erosion potential of water accumulated in snow cover based on climatological data analysis

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200957050271 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 271-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jana Smolíková ◽

Hana Pokladníková ◽

František Toman

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

Suspended Sediments ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Cold Period ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Melting Snow ◽

Local Character ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Torrential Rainfall

Melting of snow in winter and early spring often causes soil erosion. The results of erosion studies show that the runoff generated in the cold period can cause more intensive erosion than in the warm half year. By analysis of the monthly catchment of suspended sediments, it was found maximum of suspended sediments in the spring likely as effect of the spring melting of snow. Erosion caused by water from melting snow in our conditions does not reach the same intensity as the erosion caused by torrential rainfall. However, the torrential rainfall has only a local character, while the spring melting of snow usually affects larger territory. Erosive potential of water stored in snow cover can be established on the basis of the quantity of water resulting from melting snow and the speed of melting snow. Erosion caused by melting snow is given by quantity and the maximum speed of water runoff, which may be enhanced by rainfall, occurring in parallel with the snow melting. The total soil loss due to melting snow is also influenced by other factors: soil moisture, which affects the size of infiltration, soil freezing, the topography, the protective effect of vegetation, soil erodibility and implemented erosion control measures.The work analyzed erosive potential of snow cover during the cold period 1981/82 to 2007/2008 for the part of the Czech Republic, which falls within the scope of the Brno branch of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI). For zoning of erosive potential of snow cover in the area of interest 22 climatological stations has been chosen (with regard to their equitable representation in different altitudes and different climatic conditions).The work brings erosive potential determination of water stored in snow cover. Its size corresponds to the altitude and climatic conditions represented by climatic region (according to Estimated Ecological Pedological Unit – EPEU) of investigational sites. Closeness of the relationship, expressed as a coefficient of correlation is 0.794, respectively 0.844. By the GIS interpolation on the basis of altitude a map of the erosive potential of the water stored in snow cover for the field of interest was processed.

Anti-Erosion Efficiency of Stands Installed On Degraded Land

10.21203/rs.3.rs-366523/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mircea Cristian Moldovan ◽

Tăut Ioan ◽

Dîrja Marcel

Keyword(s):

Surface Runoff ◽

Land Surface ◽

Rain Intensity ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Natural Factors ◽

Significant Damage ◽

Erosion Efficiency ◽

Sloping Land ◽

Two Parameters ◽

The 19Th Century

Abstract Background: The naturally present erosion phenomenon has been active throughout the geological eras, shaping the land surface to date. Today, this phenomenon causes significant damage to the environment and human activities.In the geographical conditions of Romania, where the sloping land represents up to 67% of the national territory and supported by a complex number of natural factors, as well as the intense human interventions from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the vegetation and soils face serious ecological imbalances. The afforestation of degraded lands gained momentum after 1948, and the most used species were pines, especially black pine and Scots pine.Methods: In order to achieve the proposed objectives regarding the evaluation of stands in terms of anti-erosion effectiveness, were analyzed the consistency of trees, the number of trees on the surface, the weight of the seedlings, and surface runoff, from the perspective of rainfall and soil retention.Results: Analyzing the influence of rain intensity, respectively 39% in compartment 49, 38% in 73 and ground retention on surface runoff, being 28% in both compartments, it results that the two parameters directly influence surface runoff. Thus, it can be stated that indirectly surface runoff is influenced by the consistency of the stands, by the degree of proximity of the crowns, which directly influence the intensity of rain and the number of trees and the vegetation that grows under them directly influences the retention in the soil through the litter that is formed, which promotes retention.Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that indirectly surface runoff is influenced by the consistency of the tree, by the degree of proximity of the crowns, which directly influence the intensity of rain.Also, the number of trees and the vegetation that grows under them directly influences the retention in the soil through the litter that is formed, which promotes retention and by creating areas that reduce the speed of water, favoring infiltration into the soil.

Analysis of the French insurance market exposure to floods: a stochastic model combining river overflow and surface runoff

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-14-2469-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2469-2485 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

D. Moncoulon ◽

D. Labat ◽

J. Ardon ◽

E. Leblois ◽

T. Onfroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Runoff ◽

Insurance Market ◽

Historical Event ◽

Claim Database ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Insurance Company ◽

National Scale ◽

Small Catchment ◽

Flood Exposure ◽

Flood Losses

Abstract. The analysis of flood exposure at a national scale for the French insurance market must combine the generation of a probabilistic event set of all possible (but which have not yet occurred) flood situations with hazard and damage modeling. In this study, hazard and damage models are calibrated on a 1995–2010 historical event set, both for hazard results (river flow, flooded areas) and loss estimations. Thus, uncertainties in the deterministic estimation of a single event loss are known before simulating a probabilistic event set. To take into account at least 90 % of the insured flood losses, the probabilistic event set must combine the river overflow (small and large catchments) with the surface runoff, due to heavy rainfall, on the slopes of the watershed. Indeed, internal studies of the CCR (Caisse Centrale de Reassurance) claim database have shown that approximately 45 % of the insured flood losses are located inside the floodplains and 45 % outside. Another 10 % is due to sea surge floods and groundwater rise. In this approach, two independent probabilistic methods are combined to create a single flood loss distribution: a generation of fictive river flows based on the historical records of the river gauge network and a generation of fictive rain fields on small catchments, calibrated on the 1958–2010 Météo-France rain database SAFRAN. All the events in the probabilistic event sets are simulated with the deterministic model. This hazard and damage distribution is used to simulate the flood losses at the national scale for an insurance company (Macif) and to generate flood areas associated with hazard return periods. The flood maps concern river overflow and surface water runoff. Validation of these maps is conducted by comparison with the address located claim data on a small catchment (downstream Argens).

The use of GIS in the study of forms and methods of water erosion in the Great Atlas of the Middle: استعمال نظم المعلومات الجغرافية في دراسة أشكال وأساليب التعرية المائية بالأطلس الكبير الأوسط –حالة حوض واد العبيد عالية سد بين الويدان – المغرب

Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences - مجلة العلوم الطبيعية و الحياتية والتطبيقية ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.s280219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Arif Said, Sallak Bouazza, El-Khalki Yahia, Ahmed Amine Bour

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Satellite Images ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Water Erosion ◽

Comprehensive Approach ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Natural Factors ◽

Geographic Distributions

The morphogenesis or water erosion is a phenomenon that shows the link between the dynamics of erosion and the natural factors that control its intensity. Indeed, the watershed of Oued El Abid upstream of the dam bin al ouidane is an important area for the study of the current forms of erosion of which we find different forms. This study aimed to treat current forms of erosion to determine their proportions and geographic distributions. We concluded that this region included a variety of different forms (9 forms) due to erosion in the area and the diversity of its slopes and rocks; as well as the density of vegetation that contributed to morphogenesis In addition, the objective of this study is to interpret aerial photographs and satellite images and to map erosion patterns as well as to validate the results on the Oued El Abid watershed. Indeed, the study found that the area of areolaire erosion accounted for 50% of the total area of the basin, while the gutter erosion account for only 7%. Landslide erosion extends over 10%; rockslide of 9% and Bad-Lands accounted for 6%. The study recommended the need to intervene to reduce the intensity and spread of water erosion through a comprehensive approach that takes into account the activities of civil society and accumulated scientific research to reduce the deterioration of the natural environment.