OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BACILLUS COAGULANS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-541
Author(s):  
T. W. Humphreys ◽  
R. N. Costilow
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Additional Requirement ◽  
Casein Hydrolyzate ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The nutritional requirements of 14 cultures of Bacillus coagulans, which were isolated and identified in this laboratory, and eight other authentic strains of this organism, were studied at 37 °C. Biotin and thiamine were required by all strains in a semisynthetic medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, glucose, and mineral salts. In addition, one strain required niacin. An additional requirement for folic acid (or PABA) was noted for most strains in a synthetic medium. With few exceptions, the amino acid requirements were non-specific. Glutamic acid appeared essential for a few strains and stimulated others.

THE AMINO-ACID REQUIREMENTS OF CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM (SPIEK. & KOTT.) SKAPT. & BURKH.

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert-A. Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Specific Amino Acid ◽  
Corynebacterium Sepedonicum ◽  
Casein Hydrolyzate ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Nutritional Importance ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The amino-acid requirements of Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spiek. & Kott.) Skapt. & Burkh. were studied in a medium containing vitamins, glucose, and mineral salts. Seven amino acids, asparagine, methionine, leucine, histidine, alanine, arginine, and proline, were found to be required to obtain growth equivalent to that obtained with casein hydrolyzate, though asparagine and methionine are of major nutritional importance: no absolute requirement for a specific amino acid could be demonstrated. Tryptophane, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cystine, and cysteine were found to be inhibitory.

A MINIMAL SYNTHETIC MEDIUM SUPPORTING GROWTH OF A MICROCOCCUS SPECIES

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Inorganic Sulphur ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Nutritional requirements of a Micrococcus species (M. freudenreichii, A.T.C.C. No. 407) were studied. The organism required glutamic acid, thiamine, biotin, magnesium, iron, and potassium for growth. Cells from such a synthetic medium were shown to contain methionine indicating that inorganic sulphur was used. Glutamic acid could not be replaced with glutamine (unheated), aspartic acid, asparagine, nor ammonium salts. The relationship of nutritional requirements of micrococci and staphylococci to classification is discussed.

Amino Acid Requirements for the Wheat Stem Sawfly Determined with Glucose-U-C14 after Vacuum-infiltration

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Vacuum Infiltration ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Radioactive Substrate

AbstractGlucose-U-C14 was incorporated into immature larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., by vacuum-infiltration. These insects were too small to be conveniently injected and could not be easily fed on artificial diets. About half of them survived the infiltration treatment. C14O2 was produced by the organism showing that the radioactive substrate was metabolized. Of the amino acids isolated from the larvae, proline, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine contained relatively large quantities of carbon-14 indicating biosynthesis, and are classed as nutritionally non-essential. In contrast, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine contained little, if any, radioactivity and are classed as nutritionally essential. The concentrations of some of the amino acids in the larval tissues are also presented.

SUBSTITUTION OF CHOLINE BY RELATED COMPOUNDS AND FURTHER STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN NUTRITION OF PHORMIA REGINA (MEIG.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Hodgson ◽  
Vernon H. Cheldelin ◽  
R. W. Newburgh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Dietary Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Related Compounds

Phormia regina grown on a chemically defined diet under sterile conditions has been shown to have a specific dietary requirement for choline. The present work shows that carnitine and 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol can completely replace this in the diet whereas betaine is ineffective in this respect. Deletion of single amino acids from a mixture of 18 adequate for growth has previously shown the following 10 amino acids to be essential: arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, proline, and isoleucine. The present work: shows by the inability of the organism to grow on these essential amino acids that this method is not adequate to detect amino acid combinations for which alternate requirements exist. By the deletion of groups of two or more amino acids it has been shown that P. regina has a dietary requirement for either methionine or cystine and for either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. Growth on the 10 essential amino acids is stimulated by yeast extract. This is apparently not due to a simple replacement of missing amino acids, since the addition of yeast creates an increased requirement for thiamine.

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Requirements of Some Members of the Viridans Group of Streptococci

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean I Paul
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Active Factor ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The amino acid. requirements of certain members of the viridans group of streptococci have been investigated. These requirements have not been found to be uniform among strains of StreptoooccUB bovis. Rumen strains of Strep. bows require, in addition to 20 amino acids, rumen liquor or an extract of rumen liquor or certain other organic complexes. The chemical nature of the active factor suggests a peptide . . The essential amino acids for the faecal strains of Strep. boviB were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, valine, asparagine, and histidine.

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ARTHROBACTER TERREGENS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret O. Burton ◽  
A. G. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Vitamin and amino acid requirements have been established for Arthrobacter terregens n. sp., an organism found to require an unknown growth factor present in soil extract, liver extract, and culture filtrates of Arthobacter pascens n. sp. Apart from this unknown factor, concentrates of which promote growth at less than 0.1 μgm. per ml., biotin, thiamine, and pantothenic acid were found to be essential. With adequate mineral supplement the nitrogen requirements could be fulfilled by l-glutamic acid, though the latter could be replaced by combinations of other amino acids.

THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS FOR PYOCYANIN PRODUCTION

1947 ◽  
Vol 25c (4) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret O. Burton ◽  
Blythe A. Eagles ◽  
Jack J. R. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Hydrolysed Casein ◽  
Pyocyanin Production

A medium consisting of acid-hydrolysed casein, glycerol, and a salt mixture has been shown to yield pyocyanin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa equal in amount to that obtained from glycerol peptone agar. The monoaminomonocarboxylic acids fraction obtained from casamino acids (Bacto) has been shown to be the source of nitrogen essential to pigment formation. Glycine, dl-alanine, dl-valine, or l-tyrosine have been shown to produce pyocyanin when employed as sole sources of nitrogen. The addition of l-leucine to media containing glycine or dl-alanine markedly increased pyocyanin formation. The addition of dl-phenylalanine to a synthetic medium inhibited pigment production. A synthetic medium consisting of dl-alanine or glycine at 0.4% concentration combined with 0.8% l-leucine, 1.0% glycerol, and a salt mixture has been shown to be the most suitable medium for pyocyanin production by five representative strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The Role of Histidine in the Anemia of Folate Deficiency

2002 ◽  
Vol 227 (11) ◽  
pp. 998-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Cooperman ◽  
Rafael Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Folate Deficiency ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Hematological Response ◽  
Tetrahydrofolic Acid

The amino acid histidine is metabolized to glutamic acid in mammalian tissue. Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) is an intermediary in this reaction, and tetrahydrofolic acid is the coenzyme that converts it to glutamic acid. A test for folate deficiency concerns the measurement of urinary FIGLU excretion after a histidine load. It was observed that folate-deficient individuals receiving the histidine for the FIGLU test made hematological response that alleviated the anemia associated with this deficiency. This was unusual in that a biochemical test to determine the deficiency results in a beneficial effect for one aspect of the deficiency. The studies reported in this paper give a metabolic explanation for this phenomenon. Urine was collected for 24 hr from 25 folate-deficient subjects, 10 vitamin B12-deficient subjects, and 15 normal controls. Urinary excretion of histidine was a mean of 203 mg with a range of 130–360 mg for the folate-deficient subjects; 51.5 mg with a range of 30–76.6 mg for normal subjects; and 60.0 mg with a range of 32.3–93.0 mg for the vitamin B12-deficient subjects. All the folate-deficient subjects subsequently made a hematological response to the histidine administered for the FIGLU test. No hematological response was observed in the vitamin B12-deficient individuals. When folic acid was given to folate-deficient subjects who received no histidine, urinary histidine levels returned to normal levels rapidly and this was followed by a hematological response. Others have shown that volunteers fed a histidine-free diet developed anemia. In normal subjects, histidine is excreted much more in the urine than other essential amino acids are. Hemoglobin protein contains 10% histidine. Under normal conditions, dietary histidine can supply sufficient histidine to prevent anemia. When the dietary intake is diminished or the urinary excretion is greatly increased, anemia results. It is concluded that folate deficiency causes histidine depletion through increased urinary excretion of this amino acid. Feeding histidine replenishes tissue levels of histidine, resulting in hemoglobin regeneration. Folic acid administration results in return of histidine to normal urinary levels. Thus, a combination of folic acid histidine would be beneficial for folate deficient individuals.

THE METABOLISM OF ANIMAL TISSUES CULTIVATED IN VITRO: III. AMINO ACID METABOLISM OF STRAIN L CELLS IN COMPLETELY SYNTHETIC MEDIA

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 771-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Pasieka ◽  
Helen J. Morton ◽  
Joseph F. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Synthetic Media

Strain L cells, of mouse fibroblastic origin, have been cultivated in vitro in completely synthetic medium M 150 and in various modifications of this medium. The amino acid changes in the nutrient medium during cell cultivation have been studied by paper chromatography. A characteristic pattern of amino acid uptake and accumulation in the medium has been found. No change in the alanine concentration was observed but omission of alanine from the culture medium resulted in its accumulation in appreciable amounts. Omission of glutamic acid did not alter the pattern of amino acid changes by the cells. Omission of glutamine increased the uptake of amino acids and prevented amino acid accumulation. Omission of both glutamic acid and glutamine resulted in a virtual cessation of amino acid changes in the culture medium. Strain L cells decreased the adenine content of the medium and produced small amounts of hypoxanthine. These changes were not affected by alterations in the amino acid content of the medium. Omission of glutamic acid and glutamine from the culture medium did not cause an appreciable decrease in cell population or apparent degeneration of the cultures over a 30-day period.

STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Friend ◽  
R. H. Backs ◽  
L. M. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

On diets lacking one of l-arginine, l-histidine, l-isoleucine, l-tryptophan, or l-valine all the test larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), died in the first instar. On diets lacking either l-phenylalanine or l-threonine, all died before the third instar; on those from which l-leucine, l-lysine, or l-methionine was omitted, all died before reaching the pupal stage. Diets lacking l-alanine, l-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-hydroxyproline, l-proline, l-serine, or l-tyrosine did not block larval development. Eighty-one per cent of the larvae on one of the complete diets developed to the adult stage; eggs laid by these adults and by adults from the diet lacking l-glutamic acid hatched and produced normal larvae. The test larvae were reared individually and aseptically on chemically defined diets.

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