Quantitative Effects of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Microbial Mutants. IV. Lipid Composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae When Growth is Limited by Unsaturated Fatty Acid Supply

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1262-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Holub ◽  
William E. M. Lands
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Phospholipid Content ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Mole Percentage

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant KD46 (ole 2), which is unable to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids, was grown on limiting amounts of different added unsaturated fatty acids. The acyl chain composition of the cellular lipid classes was determined in these cultures at different stages of growth. During growth on added oleic acid, there was no marked change in the mole percentage of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, or phosphatidylserine among the total phospholipids.Cells grown on palmitoleic, oleic, or linoleic acid showed a steady decrease in their total phospholipid levels per cell concomitant with a decrease in growth rate approaching minimal levels at stationary phase. Furthermore, the mole percentage of the supplemented unsaturated fatty acid in the cellular phospholipids also decreased during growth and attained minimal values when growth ceased.At stationary phase the total phospholipid content per cell was similar for cells grown on a wide range of fatty acids or mixtures thereof, whereas the composition of the fatty acids in the cellular phospholipids were strikingly different. The differences in efficiencies for supporting growth of most of the unsaturated fatty acids tested did not seem due to the extent of their incorporation into cellular phospholipids, but rather to differences in the ability of the derived membrane phospholipids to support cellular functions.Palmitoleate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate all appeared to contribute to the functionality of cellular membranes in an additive linear manner. Thus, the contribution of these acids to cellular growth can be characterized by a functionality factor that seems independent of the mixtures of acids supporting growth. Use of the functionality concept allows the cumulative influence of many different acids to be summarized quantitatively by a single number rather than resorting to qualitative descriptions of the degree of unsaturation or 'fitness' of the membrane phospholipids.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION ON CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULAR SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE VIETNAMESE CORAL Bebryce sp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Dang Thi Phuong Ly ◽  
Pham Minh Quan ◽  
Trinh Thi Thu Huong ◽  
Valeria P. Grigorchuk ◽  
Pham Quoc Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipid Content ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Phospholipid Molecular Species

In the fatty acid composition of total lipid of the soft coral Bebryce sp., the concentration of unsaturated fatty acid predominates. The composition of saturated fatty acids is very diverse, including all saturated fatty acids from C14 to C26. The unsaturated fatty acids with high concentration are C20: 4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, 24:5n-6, 26:3n-6, 26:2n-6, 26:2n-7, 28:3n-6. In the fatty acids composition of the studied coral, there is presence of characterized fatty acids for the existence of sponges C25-C28 (demospongic fatty acids) with total content 29,86%. Most of the Bebryce coral species do not have zooxanthellae, therefore, in the fatty acids composition, either it is lack or contains only a small amount of markers fatty acids for zooxanthellae such as 18:5n-3, 18:4n-3, 18:3n-6, 20:4n-3. In the phospholipid content of the soft coral Bebryce sp., there is presence of characterized classes for Cnidarian animals such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylchonline (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphonolipid is ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP). PC account for the highest concentration (37,20% of total phospholipid). The molecular species of phospholipid classes of Bebryce sp. for the first time were investigated. In the results, there we 60 phospholipid molecular species identified in 5 classes. The molecular species with high content in the classes were PE 20:4/18:1e, PE 20:4/19:1, PC 20:4/18:0e, PC 20:4/16:0e, PS 24:5/18:0e, PI 24:5/18:0, CAEP18:2base/16:0 and CAEP 18:1base/16:0.

Effects of unsaturated fatty acid deprivation on neutral lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1982 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 747-756
Author(s):  
T M Buttke ◽  
A L Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Yeast Cells

The effects of unsaturated fatty acid deprivation on lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7 were determined by following the incorporation of [14C]acetate. Compared to yeast cells grown with oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid-deprived cells contained 200 times as much 14C label in squalene, with correspondingly less label in 2,3-oxidosqualene and 2,3;22,23-dioxidosqualene. Cells deprived of either methionine or cholesterol did not accumulate squalene, demonstrating that the effect of unsaturated fatty acid starvation on squalene oxidation was not due to an inhibition of cell growth. Cells deprived of olefinic supplements displayed additional changes in lipid metabolism: (i) an increase in 14C-labeled diacylglycerides, (ii) a decrease in 14C-labeled triacylglycerides, and (iii) increased levels of 14C-labeled decanoic and dodecanoic fatty acids. The changes in squalene oxidation and acylglyceride metabolism in unsaturated fatty acid-deprived cells were readily reversed by adding oleic acid. Pulse-chase studies demonstrated that the [14C]squalene and 14C-labeled diacylglycerides which accumulated during starvation were further metabolized when cells were resupplemented with oleic acid. These results demonstrate that unsaturated fatty acids are essential for normal lipid metabolism in yeasts.

scholarly journals Shape changes in human erythrocytes induced by replacement of the native phosphatidylcholine with species containing various fatty acids.

1984 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 2260-2267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F A Kuypers ◽  
B Roelofsen ◽  
W Berendsen ◽  
J A Op den Kamp ◽  
L L van Deenen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Phospholipid Content ◽  
Rat Liver Microsomes ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
Total Phospholipid Content

Phosphatidylcholine-specific transfer protein from beef liver has been used to replace native phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules from intact human erythrocytes by a variety of PC species differing in fatty acid composition. These replacements changed neither the total phospholipid content of the membrane, nor the composition of this fraction in terms of the various phospholipid classes. The morphology of the erythrocyte was not modified when native PC was replaced by 1-palmitoyl,2-oleoyl PC, 1-palmitoyl,2-linoleoyl PC, egg PC, or PC isolated from rat liver microsomes. Replacement with the disaturated species 1,2-dimyristoyl PC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl PC, and 1,2-distearoyl PC resulted in the formation of echinocytes and, at higher levels of replacement, in spheroechinocytes. Echinocyte-like erythrocytes were also observed after replacement with 1-palmitoyl,2-arachidonoyl PC, whereas stomatocytes were formed upon replacement with PC species containing two unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., 1,2-dioleoyl PC and 1,2-dilinoleoyl PC. The observations show that the erythrocyte membrane structure and the overall discoid cell shape of the human erythrocyte are optimally stabilized by PC species that contain one saturated and one mono- or diunsaturated fatty acid, and that the cell tolerates only limited variations in the species composition of its PC.

scholarly journals Effect of atorvastatin and rosuvasta tin on the fatty acid spectrum of lymphocyte membranes in patients with unstable angina

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
T.V. Bogdan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unstable Angina ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Stabilization Of Membranes ◽  
Dynamic Structures

Numerous studies have demonstrated the superiority of rosuvastatin over other statins in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. It has been proven that rosuvastatin is more effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with cardiovascular disease than other members of this drug group. Despite the known mechanisms of action of statins on blood lipids, their effective use in patients with cardiovascular disease, as well as side effects, the influence of these drugs on the fatty acid spectrum of lymphocyte (LC) membrane phospholipids in patients with ischemic heart disease remains unexplored. The results of the studies cited in the article indicate that, in patients with unstable angina who received the therapy that included rosuvastatin, unlike patients receiving the basic treatment with atorvastatin, the relative phosphate lipid contents of palmitic, stearic, and stearin arachidonic polyunsaturated fatty acids and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids are normalized, which testifies to the stabilization of membranes as dynamic structures.

Enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus under controlled fatty acid nutrition induced by cerulenin

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1145-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Altenbern
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Enterotoxin B ◽  
Fatty Acid Supplement

Cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain S-6, can grow in the presence of 100 μg of cerulenin/ml if the basal medium is supplemented with certain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The production of enterotoxin B (SEB) is markedly influenced by both the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid and by the melting point of the unsaturated fatty acid supplement. The results presented suggest that a certain degree of membrane fluidity promotes maximum SEB production and that greater or lesser degrees of membrane fluidity prohibit substantial SEB formation but fail to affect final growth density.

Regulation Of The Fatty Acid Composition Of Platelet Phospholipids

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M L McKean ◽  
J B Smith ◽  
M J Silver
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Coa Transferase

The fatty acid composition of cell membrane phospholipids does not remain constant after de novo biosynthesis, but undergoes continual remodelling. One of the major routes for remodelling probably includes the deacylation-reacylation steps of the Lands Pathway. This has been shown to be important for the incorporation of long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids by liver and brain. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes in platelets is especially important in light of the large stores of arachidonic acid (AA) in platelet phospholipids and the role of AA in hemostasis and thrombosis. Previous results from this laboratory have shown that the turnover of radioactive AA, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids in the phospholipids of resting platelets is more rapid than the turnover of radioactive C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. However, little is known about how fatty acids, especially AA and its homologues, are incorporated into platelet phospholipids during de novo biosynthesis or how they are exchanged during remodelling.At least three enzymes are involved in the deacylation- reacylation of phospholipids: phospholipase A2; acyl CoA synthetase; and acyl CoA transferase. We have studied acyl CoA transferase and have found considerable activity in human platelet membranes. Experiments are in progress to determine the substrate specificity and other properties of this enzyme.

scholarly journals Expressing a cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to increase free fatty acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Zhang ◽  
Mo Su ◽  
Ning Qin ◽  
Jens Nielsen ◽  
Zihe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ◽  
Cell Factory ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

Abstract Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being exploited as a cell factory to produce fatty acids and their derivatives as biofuels. Previous studies found that both precursor supply and fatty acid metabolism deregulation are essential for enhanced fatty acid synthesis. A bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex expressed in the yeast cytosol was reported to enable production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA with lower energy cost and no toxic intermediate. Results Overexpression of the PDH complex significantly increased cell growth, ethanol consumption and reduced glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, to optimize the redox imbalance in production of fatty acids from glucose, two endogenous NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were deleted, and a heterologous NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was introduced. The best fatty acid producing strain PDH7 with engineering of precursor and co-factor metabolism could produce 840.5 mg/L free fatty acids (FFAs) in shake flask, which was 83.2% higher than the control strain YJZ08. Profile analysis of free fatty acid suggested the cytosolic PDH complex mainly resulted in the increases of unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1). Conclusions We demonstrated that cytosolic PDH pathway enabled more efficient acetyl-CoA provision with the lower ATP cost, and improved FFA production. Together with engineering of the redox factor rebalance, the cytosolic PDH pathway could achieve high level of FFA production at similar levels of other best acetyl-CoA producing pathways.

scholarly journals FadD Is Required for Utilization of Endogenous Fatty Acids Released from Membrane Lipids

2011 ◽  
Vol 193 (22) ◽  
pp. 6295-6304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Pech-Canul ◽  
Joaquina Nogales ◽  
Alfonso Miranda-Molina ◽  
Laura Álvarez ◽  
Otto Geiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fatty Acid Transporter ◽  
In The Wild

FadD is an acyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase responsible for the activation of exogenous long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into acyl-CoAs. Mutation offadDin the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteriumSinorhizobium melilotipromotes swarming motility and leads to defects in nodulation of alfalfa plants. In this study, we found thatS. melilotifadDmutants accumulated a mixture of free fatty acids during the stationary phase of growth. The composition of the free fatty acid pool and the results obtained after specific labeling of esterified fatty acids with a Δ5-desaturase (Δ5-Des) were in agreement with membrane phospholipids being the origin of the released fatty acids.Escherichia colifadDmutants also accumulated free fatty acids released from membrane lipids in the stationary phase. This phenomenon did not occur in a mutant ofE. coliwith a deficient FadL fatty acid transporter, suggesting that the accumulation of fatty acids infadDmutants occurs inside the cell. Our results indicate that, besides the activation of exogenous LCFA, in bacteria FadD plays a major role in the activation of endogenous fatty acids released from membrane lipids. Furthermore, expression analysis performed withS. melilotirevealed that a functional FadD is required for the upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid degradation and suggested that in the wild-type strain, the fatty acids released from membrane lipids are degraded by β-oxidation in the stationary phase of growth.

scholarly journals DesT Coordinates the Expression of Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways for Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2009 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Subramanian ◽  
Charles O. Rock ◽  
Yong-Mei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Translational Start

ABSTRACT The fabA and fabB genes are responsible for anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expression of the fabAB operon was repressed by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids, and DNA sequences upstream of the translational start site were used to affinity purify DesT. The single protein interaction with the fabAB promoter detected in wild-type cell extracts was absent in the desT deletion strain, as was the repression of fabAB expression by unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, DesT senses the overall composition of the acyl-coenzyme A pool to coordinate the expression of the operons for the anaerobic (fabAB) and aerobic (desCB) pathways for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

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