Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids on the Development of Respiration and on Protein Synthesis in an Unsaturated Fatty Acid Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The effects of unsaturated fatty acid deprivation on lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7 were determined by following the incorporation of [14C]acetate. Compared to yeast cells grown with oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid-deprived cells contained 200 times as much 14C label in squalene, with correspondingly less label in 2,3-oxidosqualene and 2,3;22,23-dioxidosqualene. Cells deprived of either methionine or cholesterol did not accumulate squalene, demonstrating that the effect of unsaturated fatty acid starvation on squalene oxidation was not due to an inhibition of cell growth. Cells deprived of olefinic supplements displayed additional changes in lipid metabolism: (i) an increase in 14C-labeled diacylglycerides, (ii) a decrease in 14C-labeled triacylglycerides, and (iii) increased levels of 14C-labeled decanoic and dodecanoic fatty acids. The changes in squalene oxidation and acylglyceride metabolism in unsaturated fatty acid-deprived cells were readily reversed by adding oleic acid. Pulse-chase studies demonstrated that the [14C]squalene and 14C-labeled diacylglycerides which accumulated during starvation were further metabolized when cells were resupplemented with oleic acid. These results demonstrate that unsaturated fatty acids are essential for normal lipid metabolism in yeasts.

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Quantitative Effects of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Microbial Mutants. IV. Lipid Composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae When Growth is Limited by Unsaturated Fatty Acid Supply

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o75-172 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 53 (12) ◽

pp. 1262-1277 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Bruce J. Holub ◽

William E. M. Lands

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Stationary Phase ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Phospholipid ◽

Phospholipid Content ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Mole Percentage

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant KD46 (ole 2), which is unable to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids, was grown on limiting amounts of different added unsaturated fatty acids. The acyl chain composition of the cellular lipid classes was determined in these cultures at different stages of growth. During growth on added oleic acid, there was no marked change in the mole percentage of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, or phosphatidylserine among the total phospholipids.Cells grown on palmitoleic, oleic, or linoleic acid showed a steady decrease in their total phospholipid levels per cell concomitant with a decrease in growth rate approaching minimal levels at stationary phase. Furthermore, the mole percentage of the supplemented unsaturated fatty acid in the cellular phospholipids also decreased during growth and attained minimal values when growth ceased.At stationary phase the total phospholipid content per cell was similar for cells grown on a wide range of fatty acids or mixtures thereof, whereas the composition of the fatty acids in the cellular phospholipids were strikingly different. The differences in efficiencies for supporting growth of most of the unsaturated fatty acids tested did not seem due to the extent of their incorporation into cellular phospholipids, but rather to differences in the ability of the derived membrane phospholipids to support cellular functions.Palmitoleate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate all appeared to contribute to the functionality of cellular membranes in an additive linear manner. Thus, the contribution of these acids to cellular growth can be characterized by a functionality factor that seems independent of the mixtures of acids supporting growth. Use of the functionality concept allows the cumulative influence of many different acids to be summarized quantitatively by a single number rather than resorting to qualitative descriptions of the degree of unsaturation or 'fitness' of the membrane phospholipids.

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Enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus under controlled fatty acid nutrition induced by cerulenin

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m77-171 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 1145-1150 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert A. Altenbern

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Membrane Fluidity ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Aureus Strain ◽

Enterotoxin B ◽

Fatty Acid Supplement

Cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain S-6, can grow in the presence of 100 μg of cerulenin/ml if the basal medium is supplemented with certain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The production of enterotoxin B (SEB) is markedly influenced by both the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid and by the melting point of the unsaturated fatty acid supplement. The results presented suggest that a certain degree of membrane fluidity promotes maximum SEB production and that greater or lesser degrees of membrane fluidity prohibit substantial SEB formation but fail to affect final growth density.

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Expressing a cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to increase free fatty acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-020-01493-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yiming Zhang ◽

Mo Su ◽

Ning Qin ◽

Jens Nielsen ◽

Zihe Liu

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ◽

Cell Factory ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Fatty Acid Production

Abstract Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being exploited as a cell factory to produce fatty acids and their derivatives as biofuels. Previous studies found that both precursor supply and fatty acid metabolism deregulation are essential for enhanced fatty acid synthesis. A bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex expressed in the yeast cytosol was reported to enable production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA with lower energy cost and no toxic intermediate. Results Overexpression of the PDH complex significantly increased cell growth, ethanol consumption and reduced glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, to optimize the redox imbalance in production of fatty acids from glucose, two endogenous NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were deleted, and a heterologous NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was introduced. The best fatty acid producing strain PDH7 with engineering of precursor and co-factor metabolism could produce 840.5 mg/L free fatty acids (FFAs) in shake flask, which was 83.2% higher than the control strain YJZ08. Profile analysis of free fatty acid suggested the cytosolic PDH complex mainly resulted in the increases of unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1). Conclusions We demonstrated that cytosolic PDH pathway enabled more efficient acetyl-CoA provision with the lower ATP cost, and improved FFA production. Together with engineering of the redox factor rebalance, the cytosolic PDH pathway could achieve high level of FFA production at similar levels of other best acetyl-CoA producing pathways.

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DesT Coordinates the Expression of Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways for Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00404-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 192 (1) ◽

pp. 280-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Chitra Subramanian ◽

Charles O. Rock ◽

Yong-Mei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Cell Extracts ◽

Translational Start

ABSTRACT The fabA and fabB genes are responsible for anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expression of the fabAB operon was repressed by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids, and DNA sequences upstream of the translational start site were used to affinity purify DesT. The single protein interaction with the fabAB promoter detected in wild-type cell extracts was absent in the desT deletion strain, as was the repression of fabAB expression by unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, DesT senses the overall composition of the acyl-coenzyme A pool to coordinate the expression of the operons for the anaerobic (fabAB) and aerobic (desCB) pathways for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

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The biochemical content and antioxidant capacities of endemic Tanacetum densum (Lab.) Schultz Bip. subsp. laxum, and Tanacetum densum (Lab.) Schultz Bip. subsp. amani Heywood growing in Turkey

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.239020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 1106-1114

Author(s):

İ. Emre

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid Content

Abstract Medicinal plants have a significant role in preventing and curing several diseases, and Tanacetum L. is one of these plants. The aim of the present study is to determine the fatty acid, lipid-soluble vitamin, sterol, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of Tanacetum densum subsp. laxum and Tanacetum densum subsp. amani, to compare the effect of altitude on the biochemical content and to compare systematically by using fatty acids and phenolics. This study showed that palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) are major sources of saturated fatty acid and oleic acid (C18:1 n9), and linoleic acid (18:2 n6c) and a-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) are the principal unsaturated fatty acids in the two endemic Tanacetum densum taxa. Also, this study found that the unsaturated fatty acid content (60.11±1.61%) of Tanacetum densum subsp. laxum was higher than the unsaturated fatty acid content (44.13±1.28%) of Tanacetum densum subsp. amani. And also, the ω6/ω3 ratio of Tanacetum densum subsp. laxum (1.74) and Tanacetum densum subsp. amani (1.60) was found to be similar. However, this study determined that the lipid soluble vitamin and sterol content of two endemic Tanacetum taxa are low except for stigmasterol. Present study showed that catechin is principal phenolic in the Tanacetum densum taxa. This study also found that Tanacetum densum subsp. laxum and Tanacetum densum subsp. amani had the highest levels of catechin, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid content though the phenolic amounts, particularly catechin and quercetin, were dissimilar in the T. densum taxa. This study suggested that ecological conditions such as altitude may affect the biochemical content of two endemic Tanacetum densum taxa. Furthermore, the current study determined that two endemic Tanacetum L. taxa had potent radical scavenging capacities and found a correlation between total phenolics and antioxidant activity.

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The effects of unsaturated fatty acid depletion on the proton permeability and energetic functions of yeast mitochondria

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1660565 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 166 (3) ◽

pp. 565-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. M. Haslam ◽

Norman F. Fellows

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Energy Charge ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Adenylate Energy Charge ◽

Proton Permeability

1. The fatty acid composition of the ole-1 and ole-1 petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in the presence of defined supplements of Tween 80 or by allowing cells that had first been grown in the presence of Tween 80 to deplete their unsaturated fatty acids by sequent growth in the absence of Tween 80. 2. The transition temperature of Arrhenius plots of mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) increases as the unsaturated fatty acid content is lowered. 3. Cells require larger amounts of unsaturated fatty acids to grow on ethanol at lower temperatures. 4. Cells that stop growing owing to unsaturated fatty acid depletion at low temperatures are induced to grow further by raising the temperature and this results in a further depletion of unsaturated acids. This is due to a higher rate, but not a greater efficiency, of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. 5. Arrhenius plots of the passive permeability of mitochondria to protons between 4 and 37°C are linear. The rate and the Arrhenius activation energy of proton entry increase greatly as the unsaturated fatty acid content is lowered. 6. Unsaturated fatty acid depletion has the same effects on the proton permeability of ole-1 petite mitochondria, indicating that the mitochondrially synthesized subunits of the ATPase are not involved in the enhanced rates of proton entry. 7. The adenylate energy charge of depleted ole-1 cells is greatly decreased by growth on ethanol medium. 8. The adenylate energy charge of isolated mitochondria is also lowered by unsaturated fatty acid depletion. 9. The results confirm that unsaturated fatty acid depletion uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in yeast both in vivo and in vitro, and is a consequence of changes in the lipid part of the membrane.

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Biogenesis of mitochondria*. The effects of altered membrane lipid composition on cation transport by mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1340949 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 134 (4) ◽

pp. 949-957 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J. M. Haslam ◽

T. W. Spithill ◽

Anthony W. Linnane ◽

J. B. Chappell

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Cation Transport ◽

Lipid Phase ◽

Yeast Mitochondria ◽

Passive Permeability

1. The fatty acid composition of the membrane lipids of a fatty acid desaturase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in a medium containing defined fatty acid supplements. 2. Mitochondria were obtained whose fatty acids contain between 20% and 80% unsaturated fatty acids. 3. Mitochondria with high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in their lipids have coupled oxidative phosphorylation with normal P/O ratios, accumulate K+ ions in the presence of valinomycin and an energy source, and eject protons in an energy-dependent fashion. 4. If the unsaturated fatty acid content of the mitochondrial fatty acids is lowered to 20%, the mitochondria simultaneously lose active cation transport and the ability to couple phosphorylation to respiration. 5. The loss of energy-linked reactions is accompanied by an increased passive permeability of the mitochondria to protons. 6. Free fatty acids uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in yeast mitochondria and the effect is reversed by bovine serum albumin. 7. The free fatty acid contents of yeast mitochondria are unaffected by depletion of unsaturated fatty acids, and free fatty acids are not responsible for the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in organelles depleted in unsaturated fatty acids. 8. It is suggested that the loss of energy-linked reactions in yeast mitochondria that are depleted in unsaturated fatty acids is a consequence of the increased passive permeability to protons, and is caused by a change in the physical properties of the lipid phase of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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OMEGA-3 POLY-UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INHIBIT OMEGA 6 POLY-UNSATURATED FATTY ACID DIRECTED METASTASIS TOWARDS HUMAN BONE MARROW STROMA

European Urology Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1569-9056(06)60583-6 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

M. Brown ◽

C. Hart ◽

E. Gazi ◽

N. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Bone Marrow Stroma ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Marrow Stroma ◽

Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid

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Identification of genes associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony ‘Hangshao’ (Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’) seeds based on transcriptome analysis

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07339-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jia-Song Meng ◽

Yu-Han Tang ◽

Jing Sun ◽

Da-Qiu Zhao ◽

Ke-Liang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Paeonia Lactiflora ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Oil Accumulation ◽

Herbaceous Peony

Abstract Background Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’ is widely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicine ‘Radix Paeoniae Alba’. Due to the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed, it can also be regarded as a new oilseed plant. However, the process of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in it has remained unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is helpful to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Five main fatty acids were detected, including stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their absolute contents first increased and then decreased during seed development. A total of 150,156 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. There were 15,005 unigenes annotated in the seven functional databases, including NR, NT, GO, KOG, KEGG, Swiss-Prot and InterPro. Based on the KEGG database, 1766 unigenes were annotated in the lipid metabolism. There were 4635, 12,304, and 18,291 DEGs in Group I (60 vs 30 DAF), Group II (90 vs 60 DAF) and Group III (90 vs 30 DAF), respectively. A total of 1480 DEGs were detected in the intersection of the three groups. In 14 KEGG pathways of lipid metabolism, 503 DEGs were found, belonging to 111 enzymes. We screened out 123 DEGs involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (39 DEGs), fatty acid elongation (33 DEGs), biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid (24 DEGs), TAG assembly (17 DEGs) and lipid storage (10 DEGs). Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of 16 genes, including BBCP, BC, MCAT, KASIII, KASII, FATA, FATB, KCR, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAD7, GPAT, DGAT, OLE and CLO, most of which showed the highest expression at 45 DAF, except for DGAT, OLE and CLO, which showed the highest expression at 75 DAF. Conclusions We predicted that MCAT, KASIII, FATA, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, DGAT and OLE were the key genes in the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony seed. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing herbaceous peony seed gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation for herbaceous peony.

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