Reduction of binary sulfate mixtures containing CuSO4 by H2

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 3651-3657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathi Habashi ◽  
Shaheer A. Mikhail

The reduction of a binary sulfate mixture cannot be predicted from the behavior of the individual components. Thus, while CuSO4 is reduced to Cu at 400 °C and NiSO4 is reduced to Ni3S2, the sulfate mixture yields Cu, Ni3S2, and Cu2S. Also while FeSO4 is completely stable in H2 at 400 °C, (Cu,Fe) SO4 yields Cu and Cu5FeS4. The formation of Cu2S in the first case and Cu5FeS4 in the second was unexpected. On the other hand, (Cu,Mn)SO4 is stable in H2 up to 550 °C although pure CuSO4 is completely reduced at 400 °C. CoSO4 also interferes when reduced in presence of CuSO4, while Na2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4, CdSO4 do not interfere within limited temperature range. Of these only Na2SO4 forms a complex sulfate with CuSO4. No Cu2SO4 was identified when CuSO4 was reduced in presence of other sulfates although it is an intermediate product during the reduction of pure CuSO4.

Author(s):  
Anna Peterson

This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.


1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Sauer

The gerrymander is an American name for a political abuse, which, though by no means exclusively American, has been most widely practiced and generally tolerated in this country. It is a device for the partial suppression of public opinion that simulates agreement with democratic institutions. The subterfuge, therefore, has no place in countries in which oligarchic control is legitimized. Nor is it suited to European conditions, because it is difficult there to shift electoral boundaries. European electoral units in large part have a clearly defined historical basis, which in turn rests upon geographic coherence. This solidarity is commonly so great that it cannot be disregarded. American political divisions on the other hand show in major part very imperfect adjustment to economic and historic conditions, largely, because many of the divisions were created in advance of such conditions. They are, in the main, not gradual growths, but deliberate and arbitrary legislative creations, made without adequate knowledge of the conditions that make for unity or disunity of population within an area. Political divisions tend, therefore, to be less significant than in European countries and to be regarded more lightly. It is in particular the smaller unit, such as the county, that has been manipulated for electoral purposes. In spite of their poorly drawn individual boundaries, groups of counties can be organized into larger electoral units in such a manner as to represent a common body of interests predominating. On the other hand they can be so arranged as to mask these interests. The lack of proper coherence in the individual county may be rectified in large measure in the group, or it may be intensified. Gerrymandering accomplishes the latter result.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Saleha Ilhaam

The term strategic essentialism, coined by Spivak, is generally understood as “a political strategy whereby differences (within Group) are temporarily downplayed, and unity assumed for the sake of achieving political goals.” On the other hand, essentialism focuses that everything in this world has an intrinsic and immutable essence of its own. The adaption of a particular “nature” of one group of people by way of sexism, culturalization, and ethnification is strongly linked to the idea of essentialism. Mulk Raj Anand’s Bakha is dictated as an outcast by the institutionalized hierarchy of caste practice. He is essentialized as an untouchable by attributing to him the characteristic of dirt and filth. However, unlike other untouchables, Bakha can apprehend the difference between the cultured and uncultured, dirt and cleanliness. Via an analysis of Anand’s “Untouchable,” the present article aims to bring to the forefront the horrid destruction of the individual self that stems from misrepresentations of personality. Through strategic essentialism, it unravels Bakha’s contrasting nature as opposed to his pariah class, defied by his remarkable inner character and etiquette. The term condemns the essentialist categories of human existence. It has been applied to decontextualize and deconstruct the inaccurately essentialized identity of Bakha, which has made him a part of the group he does not actually belong to.


2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 290-306
Author(s):  
A.N. Krichevets ◽  
M.V. Solodushkina

The individual ways of the stutter correction group participants are considered in the article. We see this situation as difficult and even antinomical for participant because it requires the his partial rejection of self-control and a trust in handing over his consciousness to the group leader. We assume that this aspect of communication is expressed only stronger in the situation considered here, but is presented in all kinds of communication. On the other hand, not only psychology, but also our culture lacks in adequate measures for understanding and control of such a processes in the communication. Our analysis of participant’s interviews shows that the participant’s way in the correctional process depends on ones attitudes towards the problem of handing control over one’s condition to the group leader.


2018 ◽  
pp. 359-372
Author(s):  
Agata Strzelczyk
Keyword(s):  

This article is about Russian Empress Catherine the Great, her relations with her son Paul and grandson Alexander and role that she played in their upbringings. When Paul, Catherine’s only legal son was born, he was taken from her by Empress Elizabeth. That – and the fact, that Paul blamed Catherine for the death of his father – resulted in the fact, that they never develops proper, familial relation. On the other hand, Catherine was very active and affectionate grandmother, primarily for her oldest grandson, Alexander. She wanted to raise him to become ideal enlightened monarch. She took care of his education and even wrote fairy tales for him herself. Paul hated mother with bitter passion. Alexander loved her, but her influence shaped also his negative features. Catherine had undoubtedly great impact on both her son’s and grandson’s lives, but in the first case – impact was definitely negative and in second case – only arguably positive.


2013 ◽  
pp. 241-264
Author(s):  
Ignacio Del Valle Dávila

Resumo No final dos anos sessenta, ocorreu uma eclosão do cinema folclórico-histórico na Argentina e em Cuba. No primeiro caso, isso se deu principalmente devido ao interesse da ditadura de Onganía em utilizar os mitos fundadores da nação como uma metáfora legitimadora do regime. Contrários a essa tendência, o Grupo Cine Liberación elaborou representações desses relatos que buscavam adaptá-los à contingência, especialmente nos filmes La hora de los hornos (1968) e Los hijos del Fierro (1976). Em Cuba, o centenário da Guerra Grande (1868-1878) e a maior rigidez ideológica em matéria cultural durante o Quinquênio Gris (1971-1976) levaram a que se fomentasse a produção de um cinema histórico que representava a Revolução de 1959 como o produto de um século de luta. Os cineastas cubanos e Cine Liberación coincidiram em sua busca por renovar a forma de representação cinematográfica da História, enquanto o cinema comercial argentino apostou em adaptações distantes desse revisionismo. Résumé À la fin des années soixante s’est produit en Argentine et Cuba une éclosion du cinéma folklorique-historique. Dans le premier cas, ceci est dû principalement à l’intérêt de la dictature d’Onganía à se servir des mythes fondateurs de la nation avec l’objectif d’élaborer des métaphores légitimatrices du régime. Face à cela, Grupo Cine Liberación a élaboré des représentations de ces récits tout en cherchant à les adapter à la contingence, notamment dans les films L’heure des brasiers (1968) et Les fils de Fierro (1976). À Cuba le centenaire de la Guerre des dix ans (1968-1878) ainsi qu’une plus grande rigidité idéologique dans le domaine culturel pendant le Quinquennat Gris (1971-1976), ont conduit à l’encouragement de la production d’un cinéma historique où la révolution de 1959 est représentée comme la conclusion d’un siècle de lutte. Les cinéastes cubains et Cine Liberación ont partagé leur intérêt de renouveler les représentations cinématographiques de l’Histoire, tandis que le cinéma commercial argentin a misé sur des adaptations éloignées du révisionnisme.Abstract At the end of the sixties, there was a growth of historical-folkloric cinema in Argentina and Cuba. In the first case, it happened mainly because of the interest of the Onganía’s dictatorship in making use of the nation’s founding myths to develop metaphors to legitimize this regime. On the other hand, Grupo Cine Liberación elaborated representations of these narratives trying to adapt them to the contingency, especially in the movies The hour of the furnaces (1968) and Los hijos del Fierro (1976). In Cuba, the centenary of the War of ten years (1868-1878), as well as an increase of ideological rigidity in the cultural domain during the Grey Quinquennium (1971-1976), encouraged the production of a historical cinema where the revolution of 1959 has been represented as the conclusion of a century of struggle. Cuban filmmakers and Cine Liberación shared their interest in renewing the filmic representations of History, whereas the Argentinean commercial cinema supported adaptations far from this revisionism.Palavras-chave Cinema histórico, legitimação, mitos nacionais Mots-clés Cinéma historique, légitimation, mythes nationauxKeywords Historical cinema, legitimization, national myths 


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-74
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdellah Ahmed Alhossany

This study deals with the Quranic treatment of extremism in terms of extremisms concept and semantics, types, causes, images,  and the Quranic approach in its treatment, and we try to link the Muslim to the Quran approach in the treatment of extremism as a problem which the individual and the old and new society suffer; Because extremism can be transformed from mere idea to apparent behavior while demonstrating that extremism in fact transcends the rules of law and divine orders, it is excessive in the commitment to religion on the one hand or negligence in adhering to it, on the other hand, it is not always concerned with bringing the matter but also enters into relinquishing. In addition to the need to be warned that extremism is a method of religiosity and not religion itself, and Islam with its centrist approach rejects such practices and seeks to address them through the curriculum of the Holy Quran


Author(s):  
Manuel Jiménez Sánchez ◽  
Raúl Álvarez Pérez ◽  
Gomer Betancor Nuez

El movimiento de los pensionistas en 2018 supuso la primera movilización multitudinaria basada en una identidad colectiva de personas mayores en España, y mostró una capacidad de contestación popular sin precedentes en el tema de las pensiones. Este trabajo indaga en el proceso de configuración de la identidad colectiva como estrategia analítica que permite entender la aparición y la naturaleza (exitosa) de la movilización. Siguiendo la conceptualización de Melucci, este proceso se analiza desde una doble perspectiva. Por un lado, como estrategia de actores colectivos que persiguen articular la contestación popular a la política de pensiones puestas en marcha durante la Gran Recesión. Aquí, el análisis se centra en identificar el proceso organizativo en el que se sientan las bases identitarias del movimiento, y que se extenderían con éxito en la fase posterior de contestación masiva. Por otro lado, se presta atención a la naturaleza de la identificación entre los propios pensionistas como resultado de procesos de aprendizaje durante sus experiencias de movilización. Para la primera perspectiva, el trabajo se basa en informaciones obtenidas en noticias de prensa sobre las actividades de protesta y en documentos producidos por las organizaciones del movimiento. La perspectiva individual de los participantes se fundamenta en el análisis de los discursos obtenidos en entrevistas personales focalizadas a participantes. Este doble enfoque, como estrategia organizativa intencionada y como proceso de aprendizaje durante la experiencia de la movilización, ofrece informaciones clave para comprender no solo el proceso, inédito en España, de construcción de una voz propia de los pensionistas sino también para indagar en los procesos de aprendizaje y cambio actitudinal que implican para los participantes corrientes. En un sentido más amplio, esta estrategia de análisis permite igualmente, por un lado, ubicar el proceso de movilización de los pensionistas en una trayectoria temporal más amplia de contestación popular y, en particular, vincularlo a los legados del ciclo de movilización que protagonizó el 15-M. Por otro lado, también permite destacar esos procesos de contestación como espacios de aprendizaje en los que se modelan actitudes, valores y demás elementos de la cultura de protesta. The pensioners' movement in 2018 was the first mass mobilization based on a collective identity of older people in Spain, and showed an unprecedented capacity for popular contestation on the issue of pensions. This paper inquires into the process of collective identity configuration as an analytical strategy that allows us to understand the emergence and (successful) nature of the mobilisation. Following Melucci's conceptualization, this process is analysed from a double perspective. On the one hand, as a strategy of collective actors seeking to articulate popular contestation to the pension policies implemented during the Great Recession. Here, the analysis focuses on identifying the organizational process in which the identity bases of the movement are established and, which were successfully extended in the subsequent phase of mass protest. On the other hand, attention is paid to the nature of the collective identification among pensioners themselves as result of learning processes during their protest experiences. The analysis of the organizational configuration of the movement is based on information obtained from press reports on the protest activities and documents produced by the movement's organizations. The individual perspective of the participants relies on the analysis of the discourses obtained in focused interviews with participants. This dual approach, as an intentional organizational strategy and as a learning process during the mobilization experience, provides key information to understand not only the process, unprecedented in Spain, of building a voice for pensioners, but also to investigate the learning processes and attitudinal change involved for ordinary participants. More broadly, it also allows, on the one hand, to place the process of mobilization of pensioners in a broader temporal trajectory of popular contestation and, in particular, to link it to the legacies of the cycle of mobilization in the wake of the 15-M movement. On the other hand, it also allows us to observe protest as learning spaces in which attitudes, values, and other elements of the culture of protest are modelled.


Politeia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-260
Author(s):  
Franco Manni ◽  

From the ideas of Aristotle, De Saussure and Wittgenstein, philosopher Herbert McCabe elaborated an original anthropology. 'Meaning' means: the role played by a part towards the whole. Senses are bodily organs and sensations allow an animal to get fragments of the external world which become 'meaningful' for the behaviour of the whole animal Besides sensations, humans are ‘linguistic animals’ because through words they are able to 'communicate', that is, to share a peculiar kind of meanings: concepts. Whereas, sense-images are stored physically in our brain and cannot be shared, even though we can relate to sense-images by words (speech coincides with thought). However, concepts do not belong to the individual human being qua individual, but to an interpersonal entity: the language system. Therefore, on the one hand, to store images is a sense-power and an operation of the brain, whereas the brain (quite paradoxically!) is not in itself the organ of thought. On the other hand, concepts do not exist on their own.


Author(s):  
Anastasius S. Moumtzoglou

The era of the science of individuality promises to fully recognize the uniqueness of the individual who needs to be seen and treated with utter respect for his or her individuality. It will not be long until digitizing a person unlocks the cause for what is wrong, creating valuable knowledge that can save a life or markedly improve the quality of life. On the other hand, emerging m-health technologies provide fundamentally different ways of looking at tailored communication technology. As a result, tailored communications research is poised at a crossroads. It needs to both build on and break away from existing frameworks into new territory, realizing the necessary commitment to theory-driven research at basic, methodological, clinical, and applied levels. The chapter envisions tailored m-health communication in the context of the science of individuality, emphasizing the variability, stability, and centrality of the individual.


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