Scots pine ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential and dynamics in podzol-specific humus, eluvial and illuvial horizons one and four growth seasons after forest clear-cut logging

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Robin Sen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Its Sequence Analysis ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes

The aims of this microcosm-based study were to characterize Scots pine ectomycorrhizal (EcM) inoculum potential in humus (O) and underlying eluvial (E) and illuvial (B) mineral podzol soil horizons and to compare the inoculum potential 1 and 4 years following clear-cut logging. The specific horizons were collected from a Scots pine control uncut stand, the adjacent interface zone (3–10 m from the forest edge), and the adjoining clear-cut area. The highest Simpson's reciprocal diversity indices (SRDI) of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes and polymerase chain reaction – internal transcribed spacer – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-(ITS)-RFLP) taxa were detected in the humus and E horizon. The B horizon supported the lowest SRDI, but the community consisted of mycorrhizas representing active rhizomorph-forming species. Identified RFLP taxa, confirmed via ITS sequence analysis, highlighted horizon specificity for some genera and species. With respect to clear-cutting impacts, the most dominant ectomycorrhizal morphotypes detected and diversity indices were the same irrespective of the sampling time, which strongly indicates that inoculum potential is maintained up to four growth seasons after the clearcut. No forest treatment dependent differences in Scots pine seedling biomass were detected, but, compared with humus, significantly reduced biomass was recorded in deeper mineral soil horizons. The data are discussed in relation with recent vertical profile studies and forest silvicultural practices.

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽  
Viktor N. Mamontov ◽  
Alexander M. Kryshen ◽  
Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽  
Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

Effects of clear-cutting on the vegetation and soil of an eastern hemlock dominated ecosystem, western Upper Michigan

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Hix ◽  
Burton V. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Recreation Area

The effects of clear-cutting on the vegetation and soil of an ecosystem dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.) were studied at four locations along the boundaries of the Sylvania Recreation Area (Ottawa National Forest) in western Upper Michigan, U.S.A. The position of commercially clear-cut areas along the boundaries of the relatively undisturbed 8500-ha tract provided the opportunity to examine the probable effects of clear-cutting after an average of 46 years afterward. Clear-cutting resulted in the virtual elimination of hemlock from the overstory; it was replaced by a mixed forest of red maple (Acerrubrum L.), yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea L.). The ecological species groups characteristic of the ground cover of the uncut plots were not substantially different from the groups now present on the clear-cut plots. The thickness, mass, and nutrient (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) contents of the forest floor decreased significantly, and the acidity and nutrient contents of the upper mineral soil increased slightly. The replacement of hemlock by hardwoods has slowly decreased the acidity and apparently increased the rate of nutrient cycling. It appears that without major disturbance, such as fire, hemlock is not likely to regain dominance following clear-cutting owing to failure to regenerate naturally.

Effects of clear-cut logging on the diversity and persistence of ectomycorrhizae at a subalpine forest

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Gary E Bradfield ◽  
M Gillespie ◽  
D M Durall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Removal

The mycelium extending from ectomycorrhizal fine roots is thought to be an important inoculum source for outplanted seedlings. The purpose of this study, carried out at a subalpine forest in British Columbia, was to investigate the effect of three different clear-cut sizes: 0.1, 1.0, and 10 ha, on the persistence and diversity of ectomycorrhizae. Over the course of the study, a total of 39 distinct mycorrhizal types were observed. The dominant types matched descriptions of E-strain mycorrhizae and of mycorrhizae formed by Cenococcum spp., two types of Lactarius spp., Piloderma spp., Hebeloma spp., Amphinema spp., and Cortinarius spp. One growing season after tree removal, there were no differences between the treatments in the numbers of active fine roots at any location nor were there any effects on the diversity of ectomycorrhizae with treatment. Two and three growing seasons after logging the persistence of some of the main morphotypes differed with treatment. Although there were no differences in the diversity indices at corresponding distances within the different opening sizes, after two and three growing seasons the numbers of active fine roots as well as the diversity of ectomycorrhizae in clearcuts was significantly reduced with distance from the forest edge.

scholarly journals Continuous-cover management and attractiveness of managed Scots pine forests

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 819-828
Author(s):  
Matti Koivula ◽  
Harri Silvennoinen ◽  
Hanna Koivula ◽  
Jukka Tikkanen ◽  
Liisa Tyrväinen
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Forest Ownership ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Gap Cutting ◽  
Intensively Managed

Forest management, characterized in many northern countries by the predominance of clear cutting and growing even-aged and -sized trees, has simplified the structure of boreal forests. Consequences include alterations in cultural ecosystem services such as forest attractiveness, i.e., combined aesthetic and recreational values. Continuous-cover forestry might mitigate these effects through the use of selection and gap cutting, but these methods have been little studied, particularly from the attractiveness viewpoint. We used photo surveys to assess Finnish citizens’ perceptions of attractiveness of in-stand scenery of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests logged using different methods. (i) The attractiveness scores, given by respondents, declined steadily from unharvested forest through continuous-cover methods to seed-tree and clear-cut methods. (ii) Respondents with a negative attitude to forest management gave lower scores than respondents with a positive attitude, but the declining slopes of attractiveness against logging intensity were similar. (iii) In unharvested and less intensively managed stands, summer photos received higher scores than corresponding winter photos. (iv) Background variables (gender, education, living environment, memberships in recreational or nature NGOs, forestry profession, and forest ownership) had negligible effects on the scores. We recommend the use of continuous-cover logging methods in settlement and recreational areas.

Structure of mixed pine and hardwood stands 12 years after various methods and intensities of site preparation in the Georgia Piedmont

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1490-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Harrington ◽  
M. Boyd Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Georgia Piedmont ◽  
Compensatory Effect

In the Georgia Piedmont (U.S.A.), size, abundance, and species diversity of trees were quantified in a plantation of Pinustaeda L. 12 years after various methods and intensities of site preparation. In clear-cut only versus site-prepared plots, greater hardwood abundance (27% vs. 8% of the total basal area) and size (8.6 vs. 7.4 m in height) were associated with reduced pine volume (73 vs. 123 m3/ha) and increased Simpson and Shannon diversity indices. Tree-species richness was greater in plots where residual trees from clear-cutting had been removed with a chainsaw versus large machinery (10 vs. 7 species). With increasing site-preparation intensity, reductions in basal area of volunteer pines coincided with proportionate increases (R2 = 0.80) in basal area of planted pines. As a result of this compensatory effect, total volume of all pines varied little (122–134 m3/ha) among site-preparation intensities. Research results suggest that site-preparation treatments can be selected to facilitate the development of a variety of stand structures, including those that favor evenness (clear-cut only) or richness (manual cutting) of tree species, low-cost production of pine fiber (manual cutting), and stand uniformity for management of pine sawtimber (mechanical and herbicide).

Biomass and nutrient removals by conventional and whole-tree clear-cutting of a red spruce – balsam fir stand in central Nova Scotia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Freedman ◽  
R. Morash ◽  
A. J. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Total Pool ◽  
Whole Tree

Data are presented of biomass and nutrient removals by conventional and whole-tree clear-cutting of 0.5-ha blocks of an all-aged Picearubens – Abiesbalsamea stand in central Nova Scotia. The biomass yield from the conventional clear-cut plot was 105 200 kg dry weight•ha−1, and the removals of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were 98.2, 16.3, 91.7, 180.9, and 17.0 kg•ha−1 respectively. Biomass removals from the whole-tree clear-cut plot were 152 500 kg dry weight•ha−1, and the removals of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were 239.1, 35.2, 132.6, 336.5, and 36.9 kg•ha−1, respectively. These removals of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg from the whole-tree harvested plot, expressed as percentages of the quantities of these nutrients in the "total" pool within the exploitable soil horizons, were 5.0, 2.8, 1.0, 5.9, and 2.1%, respectively. However, when these removals were expressed relative to the quantities in the "available" soil pools, they were much larger, i.e., 500, 34, 184, 306, and 95% for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively.

Ectomycorrhizal colonization and richness of previously colonized, containerized Picea engelmannii does not vary across clearcuts when planted in mechanically site-prepared mounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1425-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
M Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes ◽  
Native Fungi

The Sicamous Creek silviculture systems trial, which is located at a subalpine forest, comprises five replicated treatments. One-third of the timber volume was removed from 30-ha treatment units using cutblocks of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 ha or single-tree selection. Openings were mechanically site prepared by mounding and planted with nursery-grown containerized Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. seedlings. Seedlings were planted in mineral soil exposed by mounding in all four of the harvested treatments as well as in undisturbed soil in the uncut control treatment. Neither the overall ectomycorrhiza colonization nor the number of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes per seedling varied across the cutblocks or among cutblocks of different sizes. This is in contrast to earlier studies at this site that showed inoculum levels to be significantly higher at 2 m from the forest edge, within the rooting zone of forest trees. We hypothesize that the difference here is due either to (i) competition between native ectomycorrhizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal fungi present on the spruce at planting or (ii) more homogeneous levels of inoculum in the mineral soil exposed by mounding. Fewer native fungi colonized these seedlings than the nonmycorrhizal seedlings from earlier studies, which had been planted between the mounds.

IN SITU NUTRIENT EXTRACTION BY RESIN FROM FORESTED, CLEAR-CUT AND SITE-PREPARED SOIL

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. KRAUSE ◽  
D. RAMLAL
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Anion and cation resins were tested as sinks for nutrient ions under variable forest soil conditions. The resins, contained in nylon bags, were placed for periods of 4 wk below the forest floor of a softwood stand, and at approximately 7.5 cm depth on an adjacent clearcut with two different types of site preparation for tree planting. The soil was an Orthic Humo-ferric Podzol. Ion sorption below the forest floor, especially the sorption of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate, was strongly increased after clear-cutting of the forest. Sorption rates were generally lower in the mineral soil than immediately below the forest floor, except for nitrate and sulphate. Mixing of forest floor materials and fine logging debris into the mineral surface horizons generally increased resin sorption if compared to sorption in soil from which the forest floor had been removed. Resin sorption also revealed strong seasonal effects which may have been caused by changes in soil temperature and moisture. Key words: Ion exchange resin, forest soil fertility, seasonal nutrient fluctuation, site preparation

The mycorrhizal condition of weakened Scots pine saplings grown on ploughed sites in northern Finland

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Väre
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Mycorrhiza Formation ◽  
And Control

The mycorrhizal condition of nursery-grown containerized Scots pine (Pinussylvestris) saplings planted in clear-cut and ploughed sites in northern Finland was investigated. The saplings, 15 years old on average, were classified on the basis of shoot condition into injured and healthy-looking saplings on the ploughed sites and control saplings on the adjoining natural sites. Ploughing after clear-cutting resulted in reduced mycorrhiza formation, the average percent infection being below 20 for injured saplings and between 60 and 85 for the control saplings. Formation of the mantle and Hartig net was weak in the injured saplings and reduced in the healthy-looking saplings compared with the control saplings, where the mantle had a mean thickness of 31.3 μm and the Hartig net was fully developed. The number of short roots and the short root biomass were greatly reduced in the healthy-looking saplings compared with the control saplings. These results indicate that the practice of ploughing in the clear-cut areas of northern Finland had caused a marked reduction in the growth of the whole short root system and in the formation of mycorrhizae in both the injured and healthy-looking saplings. The poor formation of mycorrhizae is clearly linked to the reduced growth of shoots at these sites.

scholarly journals Effects of clear-cutting and wildfires on succession of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages on the east slopes of the Rocky Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Del Bel Belluz ◽  
David Langor ◽  
Jari Niemelä ◽  
John Spence
Keyword(s):  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Beetle Assemblages ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

We studied how carabid beetle assemblages in lodgepole pine stands have responded after clear-cut harvest and wildfires on an actively managed landscape ~20 km south of Hinton, Alberta, Canada. The work builds on and expands a previous study (Niemela et al. 1993) conducted 23-24 years earlier in many of the same stands sampled in the current study. Carabid species assemblages are compared along a chronosequence of stands ranging in age from 12 to 53 years after clear-cutting. Recovery of carabid assemblages toward pre-harvest structure in regenerating stands, as reflected in the 2013-14 data, appears to have progressed more rapidly than in equivalently aged stands from the earlier study. In addition, carabid species assemblages differed significantly between clear-cut and burned stands of comparable age in 2013-14, with assemblages of burned stands being more similar to the pre-harvest structure than in clear-cut stands. Ground vegetation, mineral soil cover and basal area of trees and shrubs were significantly correlated with structure of carabid species assemblages in young and old regenerating stands, suggesting that environmental and plant successional gradients drive patterns in carabid assemblages. However, assemblage differences between older burned and clear-cut stands indicate that the type of disturbance influences long-term carabid recovery. Relationships between these findings and issues related to conservation of biodiversity and climate change are discussed.

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