Effects of clear-cut logging on the diversity and persistence of ectomycorrhizae at a subalpine forest

The mycelium extending from ectomycorrhizal fine roots is thought to be an important inoculum source for outplanted seedlings. The purpose of this study, carried out at a subalpine forest in British Columbia, was to investigate the effect of three different clear-cut sizes: 0.1, 1.0, and 10 ha, on the persistence and diversity of ectomycorrhizae. Over the course of the study, a total of 39 distinct mycorrhizal types were observed. The dominant types matched descriptions of E-strain mycorrhizae and of mycorrhizae formed by Cenococcum spp., two types of Lactarius spp., Piloderma spp., Hebeloma spp., Amphinema spp., and Cortinarius spp. One growing season after tree removal, there were no differences between the treatments in the numbers of active fine roots at any location nor were there any effects on the diversity of ectomycorrhizae with treatment. Two and three growing seasons after logging the persistence of some of the main morphotypes differed with treatment. Although there were no differences in the diversity indices at corresponding distances within the different opening sizes, after two and three growing seasons the numbers of active fine roots as well as the diversity of ectomycorrhizae in clearcuts was significantly reduced with distance from the forest edge.

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Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-122 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 803-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. G. Thies ◽

E. E. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Growing Season ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Olympic Peninsula ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Breast Height ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

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Early Field Performance of Micropropagated Japanese Persimmon Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.751 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 751-753 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Takuya Tetsumura ◽

Hisajiro Yukinaga ◽

Ryutaro Tao

Keyword(s):

Fine Roots ◽

Field Performance ◽

Growing Season ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Diospyros Kaki ◽

Japanese Persimmon ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

The Mean ◽

Outdoor Nursery

Growth of micropropagated Japanese persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Nishimurawase) during the initial 3 years after field establishment was compared with that of grafted trees on seedling stocks. Judging from the mean length of annual shoots per tree and the yearly increases in height, trunk diameter, and top and root dry mass, the grafted trees on seedling stocks grew poorly during the first and second growing seasons, while micropropagated trees, raised in an outdoor nursery, developed poorly only during the first growing season. In contrast, micropropagated trees raised in pots fared well soon after field establishment. These trees had more fine than middle and large roots; in contrast, grafted trees on seedling stocks had one large taproot, which died back to some extent after field establishment, with few fine roots.

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Vegetation Management Using Polyethylene Mulch Mats and Glyphosate Herbicide in a Coastal British Columbia Hybrid Poplar Plantation: Four-Year Growth Response

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/16.1.26 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K.D. Thomas ◽

W.J. Reid ◽

P.G. Comeau

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Hybrid Poplar ◽

Basal Area ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Hybrid Poplars ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Herbicide Treatment ◽

Glyphosate Herbicide ◽

Coastal British Columbia

Abstract This study was initiated in 1995 to gather information on the effectiveness of opaque polyethylene mats and glyphosate herbicide treatment on growth and yield of hybrid poplar plantations on south coastal British Columbia. Immediately after planting 40 cm tall hybrid poplar cuttings, 60 × 60 cm opaque polyethylene mats were installed. All treatment plots were mechanically cultivated in one direction twice yearly from 1995 to 1997. This practice left an uncultivated strip between trees running in the same direction as the cultivation. The uncultivated strip was approximately 1 m wide, and represented approximately one-third (0.04 ha) of the total plot area (0.13 ha). Glyphosate was applied at a rate of 2.1 kg active ingredient (ai)/ha in water to the uncultivated strips in the herbicide treatment plots in midsummer of the second and third growing seasons. The opaque polyethylene mats significantly improved poplar height growth only for the first growing season. After four growing seasons, hybrid poplars treated with glyphosate were significantly taller (983 cm) than those in either the mat (915 cm) or control treated plots (902 cm). Diameter at breast height (dbh) was also significantly greater in the herbicide treated plots (88 mm) than in either the mat (78 mm) or control (77 mm) treated plots. Total volume was also significantly greater in herbicide plots (23 ³/ha) than in either the mat (17 m³/ha) or control (17 m³/ha) plots. Basal area and total volume were 14% and 37%, respectively, greater in the herbicide plots than in the mat and control plots following the fourth growing season. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):26–30.

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Canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen and new growth nitrogen requirement at a Colorado subalpine forest

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x03-147 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 33 (11) ◽

pp. 2221-2227 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Timothy Tomaszewski ◽

Richard L Boyce ◽

Herman Sievering

Keyword(s):

Dry Deposition ◽

Wet Deposition ◽

N Uptake ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Growing Season ◽

Subalpine Forest ◽

Decadal Time Scale ◽

Foliar N ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

N Requirement

A field study at a Rocky Mountain sprucefirpine forest was undertaken to obtain canopy N uptake (CNU), N reallocation, and foliar N requirement. Wet deposition, dry deposition, and throughfall fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were measured during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. Estimation of CNU, for both ammonium and nitrate, was obtained by subtracting throughfall (TF) flux from the sum of wet deposition (WD) and dry deposition (DD): CNU = WD + DD - TF. CNU efficiency (CNU/(WD + DD)) for ammonium (0.9) was consistent across 2000 and 2001. For nitrate, this efficiency was 0.8 and 0.7 for 2000 and 2001, respectively. Foliar N requirement for growth in 2000 and 2001 was about 19 and 22 kg N·ha1·year1, respectively. Growing season estimates of CNU for 2000 and 2001 were approximately 2 and 3 kg N·ha1, respectively. Thus, CNU may contribute 10%-15% of the foliar N requirement for canopy growth. Mountain upslope winds bring substantial amounts of anthropogenic N to this forest during the growing season, thereby contributing to CNU. Given that a sizable fraction of CNU is anthropogenic in origin, the forest's N cycle has likely undergone substantial changes on a decadal time scale.

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Intra-Seasonal Changes in Height to Diameter Ratios for Lodgepole Pine in the Central Interior of British Columbia

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/18.1.52 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 52-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher Opio ◽

Kona van Diest ◽

Norman Jacob

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Growing Season ◽

Diameter Ratio ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Four Levels

Abstract Height to diameter ratio (HDR) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional procedures for assessing competition between crop trees and other vegetation. Yet HDRs vary throughout the growing season due to variations in the rate of change in height and diameter. There is an interest, therefore, in determining variations in HDR within a growing season (intra-seasonal changes) and the time of the year when measurements of HDR should be taken for operational purposes. HDR measurements were taken on five occasions at two lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) sites in the central interior of British Columbia, from early May to late October through the 1999 growing season. Although the focus of the article is the investigation of intra-seasonal changes in HDR, we also compared August 1999 measurements with August 1998 measurements to determine the variation in HDR between growing seasons (inter-seasonal change). The study involved a completely randomized, one-factor experimental design, with replication over time. The removal of competing vegetation (known as brushing) was the factor. The design consisted of four levels of brushing, replicated three times on each study site. The results indicated that HDRs increased from early May to July and then decreased until October to levels equal to or lower than those obtained in August 1998. The highest HDR values were observed in control plots. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures indicated that treatment (brushing radius) and date of HDR measurement had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the intra-seasonal changes in HDR. The results suggest that HDR measurements should be taken either after mid-August, or before mid-May when changes in HDR are negligible. West. J. Appl. For.18(1):52–59.

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Effects of Logging on Stream Temperatures in Carnation Creek British Columbia, and Associated Impacts on the Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f88-060 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 502-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 133

Author(s):

L. Blair Holtby

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Life History ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Growing Season ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Seaward Migration ◽

Logging Effects ◽

Spring Temperatures

Clear-cut logging of 41% of the basin of Carnation Creek, British Columbia, resulted in increased stream temperatures in all months of the year, increases above prelogging temperatures ranged from 0.7 °C in December to 3.2 °C in August. Earlier emergence of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry associated with the temperature increases lengthened their summer growing season by up to 6 wk. Fingerlings were significantly larger by the fall in the years after logging compared with the years before logging. The increased size of fingerlings was associated with improved overwinter survival. Following logging, yearling smolt numbers doubled, although 2-yr-old smolt numbers decreased. Warmer spring temperatures were also associated with earlier seaward migration of smolts, probably resulting in decreased smolt-to-aduit survivals. A linked series of models that first predict logging effects on stream temperatures and then the effects of those temperatures on critical coho life history events are developed. The life history model is used to quantify the effects of stream temperature changes related to logging on the population size of adult coho salmon. The predicted effect of those temperature changes was a 9% increase in adult coho numbers prior to the fishery, an increase considerably less than the observed 47% increase in smolt numbers.

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Scots pine ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential and dynamics in podzol-specific humus, eluvial and illuvial horizons one and four growth seasons after forest clear-cut logging

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x06-212 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 404-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jussi Heinonsalo ◽

Robin Sen

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Inoculum Potential ◽

Soil Horizons ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Clear Cutting ◽

Its Sequence Analysis ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes

The aims of this microcosm-based study were to characterize Scots pine ectomycorrhizal (EcM) inoculum potential in humus (O) and underlying eluvial (E) and illuvial (B) mineral podzol soil horizons and to compare the inoculum potential 1 and 4 years following clear-cut logging. The specific horizons were collected from a Scots pine control uncut stand, the adjacent interface zone (3–10 m from the forest edge), and the adjoining clear-cut area. The highest Simpson's reciprocal diversity indices (SRDI) of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes and polymerase chain reaction – internal transcribed spacer – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-(ITS)-RFLP) taxa were detected in the humus and E horizon. The B horizon supported the lowest SRDI, but the community consisted of mycorrhizas representing active rhizomorph-forming species. Identified RFLP taxa, confirmed via ITS sequence analysis, highlighted horizon specificity for some genera and species. With respect to clear-cutting impacts, the most dominant ectomycorrhizal morphotypes detected and diversity indices were the same irrespective of the sampling time, which strongly indicates that inoculum potential is maintained up to four growth seasons after the clearcut. No forest treatment dependent differences in Scots pine seedling biomass were detected, but, compared with humus, significantly reduced biomass was recorded in deeper mineral soil horizons. The data are discussed in relation with recent vertical profile studies and forest silvicultural practices.

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Influence of Pruning and Irrigation on Root Longevity of `Concord' Vines

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.511a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 511a-511

Author(s):

L.H. Comas ◽

D.M. Eissenstat ◽

A.N. Lakso ◽

R. Dunst

Keyword(s):

Fine Roots ◽

Fine Root ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Growing Season ◽

Root Production ◽

Root Dynamics ◽

Supplemental Irrigation ◽

Root Longevity ◽

Root Lifespan ◽

Median Lifespan

Improved cultural practices in grape require a better understanding of root growth and physiology. Seasonal root dynamics were examined in mature `Concord' vines with balanced or minimal-pruning, and with or without supplemental irrigation in Fredonia, N.Y. Fine roots were continuously produced during the growing season starting in mid-June around time of bloom. Roots began to die in September at verasion. Minimal-pruned vines produced more roots than balanced-pruned vines, with the minimal-pruned/unirrigated vines producing the most roots. Irrigation and pruning delayed fine root production at the beginning of the growing season. Peak fine root flush was 16 June to 21 July 1997 for the minimal-pruned/unirrigated treatment, while peak flush was 7 July to 2 Sept. 1997 for balanced-pruned/irrigated treatment. In minimal-pruned vines, many roots were observed down to depths of 120 cm. In contrast, balanced-pruned vines had very few fine roots deeper than 40 cm. From initial observations, median lifespan of fine roots was 5 to 9.5 weeks, depending on treatment and depth in soil. Fine roots lived longer in the top 15-cm than in the 16- to 30-cm layer of soil in all treatments. Both minimal pruning and irrigation increased root lifespan. Fine roots had the shortest lifespan in the balanced-pruned/unirrigated treatment and the longest lifespan in the minimal-pruned/irrigated treatment.

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Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11090943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 943

Author(s):

Katri Nissinen ◽

Virpi Virjamo ◽

Antti Kilpeläinen ◽

Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽

Laura Pikkarainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Growing Season ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Simulated Climate ◽

Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

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Smallseed Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.51 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Jodie A. Crose ◽

Misha R. Manuchehri ◽

Todd A. Baughman

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Weed Control ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Growing Season ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Adequate Control ◽

Growing Seasons

Abstract Three herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat. These include: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of smallseed falseflax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every two weeks throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected in all three years. Smallseed falseflax size was approximately six cm in diameter at time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96 to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled falseflax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled smallseed falseflax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling smallseed falseflax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.

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