Fine root turnover in sugar maple estimated by 13C isotope labeling

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1792-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Fahey ◽  
Kayla R. Jacobs ◽  
Ruth E. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Fine Root Turnover ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
13C Isotope ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Fifth Order

We evaluated variation in root turnover across five root orders in sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) saplings growing in a northern hardwood forest in central New York, USA. We used a stable isotope approach in which root systems were labeled with 13C and root structural C sequentially sampled for 13C enrichment. Turnover of first- and second-order roots was apparently rapid with only about 5% of the 13C retained in living roots after two growing seasons. Although third- to fifth-order roots appeared to persist longer, differences among root orders were not statistically significant, probably mostly because of highly nonuniform initial labeling. This nonuniform labeling constrains the precision of root turnover quantification using this approach.

scholarly journals Sugar Maple Height-Diameter and Age-Diameter Relationships in an Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Stand

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Kenefic ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) height-diameter and age-diameter relationships are explored in a balanced uneven-aged northern hardwood stand in central New York. Results show that although both height and age vary considerably with diameter, these relationships can be described by statistically valid equations. The age-diameter relationship compares favorably to one reported by Tubbs (1977) for sugar maple in unmanaged (virgin) northern hardwoods, suggesting that periodic cuttings improved growing conditions in our stand. Deliberate attempts to control size-class distribution and tree spacing should continue to increase diameter growth rates and decrease the time needed to reach certain threshold tree sizes. Growth rates that can be reasonably expected in this and similarly structured stands are provided. Lastly, a wide range of heights and diameters are documented, confirming the structural complexity associated with the balanced selection system. An equation to predict sugar maple height from diameter is provided and may prove useful when assessing habitat or visual characteristics of complex uneven-aged stands. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):43-47.

Winter foraging by individual porcupines

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2425-2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uldis Roze
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Foraging Area ◽  
Winter Foraging ◽  
Study Population

Winter feeding of individual porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum L.) was studied in the northern Catskill Mountains of New York by following individual feeding trails in the snow. The study population as a whole fed primarily on beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and less frequently on eight other tree species. Individual porcupines limited their feeding to one or two species. An individual's primary food choice corresponded to the numerically most abundant tree species in its foraging area; its secondary food choice could not be related to relative density nor to relative basal area.

Carbohydrate reserves in Acer saccharum trees damaged during the January 1998 ice storm in northern New York

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
B L Wong ◽  
L J Staats ◽  
A S Burfeind ◽  
K L Baggett ◽  
A H Rye
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
High Concentrations

To assess the effect of the ice storm of January 1998 on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) tree health, starch, and soluble sugars in twigs from two damaged sugarbushes (younger: trees 50–100 years old, and older: trees approximately 200 years old) in northern New York were measured throughout the leafless phase (September 1998 – May 1999). Trees severely damaged by the ice storm exhibited signs of recovery during the first growth season (1998), that is, greater numbers of lateral (epicormic) shoots and increased wood production in the current year growth ring of branches at mid-crown, and high concentrations of starch in the twigs at the time of leaf drop. Differences in reserve and soluble sugar profiles between damaged and slightly damaged or undamaged sugar maple trees and between trees of the older sugarbush and those of the younger sugarbush indicate changes in cold season physiology of damaged trees in adapting to or tolerating cold temperature. In damaged trees of the younger and older sugarbushes, the profiles of sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, and xylose were similar to those of corresponding slightly damaged or undamaged trees throughout the cold season, except for late winter sucrose, glucose, and fructose profiles, which exhibited differences in concentration and profile configurations compared with respective slightly damaged or undamaged trees. A lower concentration of sucrose in damaged older tree wood tissue after dehardening in late winter and a lower concentration of "resynthesized" starch just prior to vernal growth were observed. The data indicate that the profiles of individual sugars can provide information on changes in physiological and biochemical processes in damaged trees during the cold season.Key words: starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, stachyose.

Interference of black cherry by ground flora of the Allegheny uplands

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan P. Drew
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Ground Flora ◽  
Vegetation Removal ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Removal Experiments ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Herbaceous ground flora species of the Northeast are reported to interfere with the growth of seedlings of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.). To examine this hypothesis, vegetation removal experiments with paired plots were conducted on hayscented fern (Dennstaedtiapunctilobula Michx.) and whorled wood aster (Asteracuminatus Michx.) dominated areas beneath a black cherry overstory following a shelterwood seed cut on the Allegheny uplands of central New York. Complete removal of fern stimulated black cherry germination, height growth, and species diversity increase after two growing seasons. Removal of aster produced the same effect in the first growing season. At the end of 4 years, black cherry growing beneath aster was twice as tall as black cherry of the same age growing beneath fern. Allelochemicals produced by fern, competition for soil nitrogen and forest microsites, and the detrimental effects of reduced light intensity beneath dense fern cover on black cherry physiology are advanced as possible modes of interference of hayscented fern with black cherry seedling growth.

Clearcutting Central New York Northern Hardwood Stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Walters ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
American Beech ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Uniform Cover

Abstract Clearcutting proved effective for regenerating central New York stands that were dominated by sugar maple along with American beech, black cherry, white ash, red maple, and basswood. Findings from five stands for periods of 7-13 years following clearcutting show densities equivalent to 2,400 to 9,400 saplings of commercial species per acre on 64-100% of the milacres sampled. In each stand, a minimum of 81% of the 6.6 ft radius sample plots were stocked with at least one sapling of a commercial species, suggesting that site occupancy will be fairly complete and uniform as these stands mature. All sites contained abundant regeneration of commercial species immediately after logging, ranging from 15,000 to 57,000 seedlings per acre, but as many as 90% of these were less than 1 ft tall. The species composition generally reflected the original forest with abundant sugar maple and American beech. However, large amounts of black cherry and white ash also appeared on some sites. Many bramble seedlings germinated during the first growing season after logging and developed into a dense uniform cover by the third year. However, the brambles declined as crown closure occurred in the new stands, and disappeared before the tenth year. Clearcutting should successfully regenerate stands of New York northern hardwoods having conditions similar to those of this study. North. J. Appl. For. 6:75-78, June 1989.

Influence of nutrition and stress on sugar maple at a regional scale

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2235-2246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A Hallett ◽  
Scott W Bailey ◽  
Stephen B Horsley ◽  
Robert P Long
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Decline Disease ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Nutritional Imbalance

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline disease on the Allegheny Plateau (region 1) resulted in high levels of mortality during the 1990s. Sugar maple was predisposed to decline because of an imbalance in Mg, Ca, and Mn nutrition and incited to decline by repeated defoliation. We sampled 33 stands in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire (region 2) to determine if this model of sugar maple decline applies to a broader region. Low Ca and Mg and higher Mn levels were correlated with poorer tree health in both regions, but region 2 stands had little defoliation and few dead trees, suggesting that both unbalanced nutrition and stress are required for mortality to occur. We predict that stands with low foliar Ca and Mg and high Mn levels would incur increased mortality if stressed. In region 2, relationships between Ca, Mg, and Mn levels and dieback suggested that impacts on sugar maple may be caused by nutritional imbalance alone. Partial correlation analysis suggests that antagonism between Mg and Mn is the most important nutritional factor in region 1, while Mn supply is most important in region 2. We suggest that more research is needed on the interacting roles played by Ca, Mg, Al, and Mn in sugar maple performance.

scholarly journals Control of Hay-Scented Fern by Mowing

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avril L. de la Crétaz ◽  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Frond Length

Abstract Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) is a native species that can invade and dominate the forest understory, after thinning and intensive deer browsing. Fern colonies form a dense cover 60 to 80 cm high that intercepts light and inhibits tree seedling regeneration. Hay-scented fern can be controlled with herbicides, but some landowners (both public and private) seek alternative methods. We investigated mowing as a possible method of fern control. We tested different mowing schedules and measured the response of ferns (frond length and density) and of natural regeneration and planted seedlings. Mowing the ferns twice in one growing season (first in June when the fern fronds had reached their full height and again in August) led to a significant reduction in frond length during the next two growing seasons compared to untreated controls. Mowing four times over 2 years reduced both length and density of ferns. Mean density of naturally established tree seedlings was four times greater on these treatment plots compared to controls, but with great variability among plots. Red oak (Quercus rubra) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings planted the year after mowing showed greater survival and height growth compared to controls.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Forest Tent Caterpillar Defoliation and Timber Stand Improvement Activity on Epicormic Sprouting of Sugar Maple and Black Cherry

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Rob A. Wink ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
New York State ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Epicormic Sprouting

Abstract A 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance design assessed the combined effects of severe defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hub.), from 1991 through 1993 and concurrent timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments on the occurrence of epicormic sproutingfor both sugar maple (SM), Acer saccharum (Marsh.) and black cherry (BC), Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) in the Tug Hill region of New York State. The potential economic effects of epicormic sprouting by dominant and codominant (DC) SM after defoliation and TSI were statistically significantbut negligible. TSI treatments alone and defoliation alone, however, promoted sprouting in intermediate SM, which may result in future grade reduction. The combination of defoliation and TSI treatment resulted in prolific epicormic sprouting by DC BC. These two disturbances have the potential to cause significant standwide value losses in this species.

Research on belowground productivity and ecophysiology of balsam fir and sugar maple in New Brunswick

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Krasowski ◽  
M B Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Coarse Root

We are investigating responses of ecosystem processes to climate and silvicultural practices to improve predictions of climate change impacts and to assess opportunities for adapting to impending changes. This involves studies of fine- and coarse-root dynamics, the distribution of net primary production between aboveground and belowground components of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum [Marsh.]) and photosynthetic capacity of balsam fir during winter and spring. Ongoing studies are described. Key words: fine roots, coarse roots, conifer, hardwood, net primary production, biomass dynamics, photosynthetic recovery, root lifespan, root turnover, soil temperature

scholarly journals SPIDER FAUNA OF SUGAR MAPLE AND WHITE ASH IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL NEW YORK STATE

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie M. Brierton ◽  
Douglas C. Allen ◽  
Daniel T. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
New York State ◽  
York State ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Central New York
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