Effect of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on diameter growth of pole-size sugar maple

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1245-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stand Conditions

Diameter growth of pole-size sugar maple crop trees was increased significantly by commercial thinning but not by fertilization treatments applied 3 years after or 3 years before thinning. DBH growth was strongly related to initial DBH both before and after release. Neither urea nor ammonium nitrate increased growth. Fertilizing individual crop trees on medium and better sites is not likely to increase growth significantly because of dilution by large nutrient pools in these soils, uptake by competing trees and understory vegetation, and distribution of absorbed nutrients by leaf dispersal. Commercial thinning removed the small and defective stems, increased diameter growth of residual crop trees by 40%, and provided stand conditions favorable for development of high value sawlogs.

scholarly journals Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Guertin ◽  
C. W. Ramm
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

Suitability of two methods of evaluating site quality for sugar maple in central Ontario

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Buda ◽  
Jian R Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Dominant Height ◽  
Index Site ◽  
Species Mixture ◽  
Stand Conditions

Stem analyses data collected in central Ontario stands were used to develop site index (height and age) and site form (height and diameter) models and curves for sugar maple. The suitability of both methods for evaluating sugar maple site productivity was examined. Two different equation forms were evaluated for both site index and site form models. A common modification of Richard's (1959) equation was most suitable for predicting dominant height at index age (site index) and reference diameter (site form). Potential effects of species mixture on sugar maple site index were examined. We found no significant effects on sugar maple height growth and site index in mixed stand conditions common in the region when compared to pure stands. The potential of site form as an alternative to site index was investigated through correlation analyses with site index and other site variables known to influence sugar maple height growth. Site form was not related to site index, nor any site variables related to sugar maple height growth. It is therefore inadequate for evaluating sugar maple site quality. We recommend height growth models and site index curves developed in this study be used to replace those from other regions currently used in central Ontario. Key words: site index, site form, sugar maple, site quality evaluation, mixedwood, uneven-aged

scholarly journals Maximum and Largest Crown Width Equations for 15 Tree Species in Maine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Russell ◽  
Aaron R. Weiskittel
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract An extensive statewide data set for seven conifer and eight hardwood species commonly occurring in Maine was used in the development of maximum and largest crown width equations. To establish the characteristics of open-grown trees, quantile regression was used to estimate the biological maximum crown width for a species at a given diameter. To predict crown widths of trees in forested settings, a constrained nonlinear equation was used, using the predicted maximum crown width, tree diameter, and crown ratio. The models performed well across the wide range of stand conditions present in the data set and improved predictions over the currently used crown width equations for most species (reduction of mean absolute error ranged from 1 to 23%). In general, predictions of largest crown width were not greatly improved with the inclusion of crown ratio, and there was a high amount of unexplained variation for shade-tolerant hardwood species, such as American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). The equations presented herein can be used in examining tree crown profiles, computing measurements of stand density, and investigating canopy dynamics for species common to the forests of Maine.

Relationship of Pacific Madrone Sprout Growth to Productivity of Douglas-Fir Seedlings and Understory Vegetation

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Hughes ◽  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Old West ◽  
Pacific Madrone ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Sprout Growth

Abstract We studied the development of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) sprout clumps of various initial densities and their effect on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedling growth and understory vegetation. Five years after density treatments, average leaf area index (LAI) of 9-year-oldmadrone sprouts ranged from 3.6-1.0 m²/m² and total aboveground biomass from 25,630-8,390 kg/ha on the high- and low-density plots, respectively. Diameter of 9-year-old Douglas-fir was inversely related to madrone LAI and ranged from about 27 mm on the high-density plots to 54 mmin the absence of madrone. Analyses of diameter growth trends also indicated that, in the absence of madrone, Douglas-fir grew significantly (P = 0.001 to 0.023) faster than in other treatments. An index of shrub, forb, and grass density was inversely related to madrone LAI, suggesting thatunderstory species are quickly excluded from young madrone stands during secondary succession. We provide equations relating the 5-year growth of 9-year-old Douglas-fir to measures of madrone density and seedling size made when the plantation was 5 years old. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):20-24.

scholarly journals Proposals for Nothofagus antarctica diameter growth estimation: simple vs. global models

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ivancich ◽  
G.J. Martínez Pastur ◽  
M.V. Lencinas ◽  
J.M. Cellini ◽  
P.L. Peri
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nothofagus Antarctica ◽  
Simple Growth ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Diameter Growth Models ◽  
Stand Conditions

Tree growth is one of the main variables needed for forest management planning. The use of simple models containing traditional equations to describe tree growth is common. However, equations that incorporate different factors (e.g. site quality of the stands, crown classes of the trees, silvicultural treatments) may improve their accuracy in a wide range of stand conditions. The aim of this work was to compare the accuracy of tree diameter growth models using (i) a family of simple equations adjusted by stand site quality and crown class of trees, and (ii) <br /> a unique global equation including stand and individual tree variables. Samplings were conducted in 136 natural even-aged Nothofagus antarctica (Forster f.) Oersted stands in Southern Patagonia (Argentina) covering age (20&ndash;200 years), <br /> crown class and site quality gradients. The following diameter growth models were fitted: 16 simple equations using two independent variables (age and one equation for each stand site quality or crown class) based on Richards model, plus a unique global equation using three independent variables (age, stand site quality and crown class). Simple equations showed higher variability in their accuracy, explained between 54% and 92% of the data variation. The global model presented similar accuracy like the better equations of the simple growth models. The unification of the simple growth models into a unique global equation did not greatly improve the accuracy of estimations, but positively influenced the biological response of the model. Another advantage of the global equation is the simple use under a wide range of natural stand conditions. The proposed global model allows to explain the tree growth of N. antarctica trees along the natural studied gradients. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Growth following single-tree selection cutting in Québec northern hardwoods

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Bédard ◽  
Zoran Majcen
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Selection Cutting ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Single Tree Selection

Eight experimental blocks were established in the southern part of Québec to determine the growth response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) dominated stands after single tree selection cutting. Each block contained eight control plots (no cut) and eight cut plots. The intensity of removal varied between 21% and 32% and residual basal area was between 18.2 and 21 m2/ha. Ten year net annual basal area growth rates in cut plots (0.35 ± 0.04 m2/ha) were significantly higher (p = 0.0022) than in control plots (0.14 ± 0.06 m2/ha). The treatment particularly favoured diameter growth of stems between 10 and 30 cm in dbh, whose crowns were released by removing neighbouring trees. These results show that if the same net growth rate is maintained in the next decade most of the cut plots will reach their pre-cut basal area in about 20 years after cutting. Key words: northern hardwoods, selection cutting, uneven aged silviculture, basal area growth, diameter growth

Jack Pine Nitrogen Fertilization and Nutrition Studies: Three Year Results

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
D. Algar
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Optimum Nutrition

The response of a 40-year-old even-aged jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand to nitrogen fertilization was studied in four experiments.Smothering of the ericaceous ground vegetation layer with straw led to increased tree growth rates and improved N uptake. The application of calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and urea at 112 and 448 kg N/ha was followed by analysis of the composition of extractable humus N, together with foliar and increment analyses. After a 3-year response period, there was evidence for the superiority of the ammonium nitrate form of N fertilizer over urea. The applications of urea appear to have been associated with possible N volatilization losses, and also inadequate urease activity in the thin dry humus layer which led to delayed N uptake by the trees. Calcium nitrate, although not an efficient fertilizer, was associated with appreciable growth responses, even though increased foliar and extractable humus N concentrations were not maintained.An optimum nutrition experiment utilizing repeated fertilization indicated that sustained foliar nutrient regimes can be maintained.The study indicated that growth increases were associated with increased unit needle weights as well as increased foliar N concentrations. A graphical technique which analyzes treatment responses, unit needle weight, and nutrient concentration, was used to screen response data, without waiting the customary 5-year period for stem increment response.

Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Thies ◽  
E. E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC RETURNS ON NITROGEN FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENTS FOR PUMPKINS AT TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 856d-856
Author(s):  
N. Baharanyi ◽  
E. G. Rhoden ◽  
V. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Fertilization Experiments ◽  
Enterprise Budgets

This study examined the potential economic returns of using four different sources of nitrogen on `calabaza' pumpkins, a low moisture variety consumed as starch by many foreign nationals. Yields were 12.4, 12.6, 8.2 and 9.5 kg/plant for ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and urea, respectively. Assuming 1989 farm gate prices in Alabama and other appropriate cost for vaious inputs used, the estimated return at $0.30/lb of pumpkin was $10,003, $10,115, $6,105 and $7,371/acre for different sources of nitrogen, respectively. The relatively higher return from sodium nitrate use explains the use of this source of nitrogen on rented land. A sensitivity analysis of the enterprise budgets shows a breakeven price between $0.02 and $0.10/lb.

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