Effect of coppicing on root system morphology and its significance for subsequent shoot regeneration of birches

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1870-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Paukkonen ◽  
Anneli Kauppi
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Stem Cutting ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Positive Effect

The growth of the root system after stem cutting and the effects of the root system and its size on the regeneration of stem are poorly known. These aspects were here investigated in 8-year-old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and common white birch (B. pubescens Ehrh.) growing in the field. One eighth of the root systems of birches of both sprout and seed origins were excavated for morphometric analysis. Seven years after the first cutting, fresh mass, length, and diameter of the roots of sprout-origin B. pendula were smaller than those of seed-origin ones. After the cutting of the experimental season, the root system did not develop new structural root tips. When both root pruning and stem cutting were performed, stumps sprouted well by July, but the number of sprouts decreased clearly by August. The positive effect of stem cutting on sprouting disappears in a few years in these species. As the size of the root system does not clearly influence the growth of sprouts, the competition of root systems of adjacent trees does not restrict the shoot growth of birch plants at least in planted birches up to about 10 years of age.

A biochemical study of BAS 517 using excised corn and soybean root systems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Hwei-Yiing Li ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
High Degree

The mode of action of BAS 517 in a susceptible plant species, corn, was investigated using an excised root system and14C-tracer techniques. The root system of a tolerant species, soybean, was used for comparison. When UL-14C- glucose was used as a precursor,14C incorporation into lipids was reduced in BAS 517-treated corn roots, although14C incorporation from UL-14C-glucose into lipids was relatively low. Inhibition of14C incorporation into water-soluble compounds was not definite because of a high degree of variability. Using14C-acetate as a precursor, 49, 43, and 34% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fractions of root tips treated with 0, 1.0, and 10 μM BAS 517, respectively. In nontreated soybean root tips, 47% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fraction compared to 49% in root tips treated with 10 μM BAS 517. Further analysis of lipids showed that BAS 517 inhibited the incorporation of14C from14C-acetate into phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid, whereas the labeling of sterols in treated corn roots was not adversely affected. Acetyl CoA carboxylase extracted from root systems of corn and soybean showed different sensitivity to BAS 517, suggesting its role as the herbicide target site and as a basis for the selectivity.

scholarly journals Proportional Reduction in Shoot Growth of Grapevines With Root Systems Maintained at Constant Relative Volumes By Repeated Pruning

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Buttrose ◽  
MG Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Control Root ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Proportional Reduction

Grapevines were established in water culture and shoot length and leaf number were measured after imposing four levels of root-pruning treatment. These levels (control, and 75, 50, and 25% of the control root volume) were maintained for 8 weeks by making weekly checks followed by appropriate pruning. Shoot dry weights were also measured in some plants at fortnightly intervals.

scholarly journals A functional–structural model of upland rice root systems reveals the importance of laterals and growing root tips for phosphate uptake from wet and dry soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieterjan De Bauw ◽  
Trung Hieu Mai ◽  
Andrea Schnepf ◽  
Roel Merckx ◽  
Erik Smolders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Segments ◽  
Plant P Uptake

Abstract Background and Aims Upland rice is often grown where water and phosphorus (P) are limited. To better understand the interaction between water and P availability, functional–structural models that mechanistically represent small-scale nutrient gradients and water dynamics in the rhizosphere are needed. Methods Rice was grown in large columns using a P-deficient soil at three P supplies in the topsoil (deficient, sub-optimal and non-limiting) in combination with two water regimes (field capacity vs. drying periods). Root system characteristics, such as nodal root number, lateral types, interbranch distance, root diameters and the distribution of biomass with depth, as well as water and P uptake, were measured. Based on the observed root data, 3-D root systems were reconstructed by calibrating the structural architecure model CRootBox for each scenario. Water flow and P transport in the soil to each of the individual root segments of the generated 3-D root architectures were simulated using a multiscale flow and transport model. Total water and P uptake were then computed by adding up the uptake by all the root segments. Key Results Measurements showed that root architecture was significantly affected by the treatments. The moist, high P scenario had 2.8 times the root mass, double the number of nodal roots and more S-type laterals than the dry, low P scenario. Likewise, measured plant P uptake increased >3-fold by increasing P and water supply. However, drying periods reduced P uptake at high but not at low P supply. Simulation results adequately predicted P uptake in all scenarios when the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) was corrected for diffusion limitation. They showed that the key drivers for P uptake are the different types of laterals (i.e. S- and L-type) and growing root tips. The L-type laterals become more important for overall water and P uptake than the S-type laterals in the dry scenarios. This is true across all the P treatments, but the effect is more pronounced as the P availability decreases. Conclusions This functional–structural model can predict the function of specific rice roots in terms of P and water uptake under different P and water supplies, when the structure of the root system is known. A future challenge is to predict how the structure root systems responds to nutrient and water availability.

Morphological and physiological attributes of root systems and seedling growth in three different Picea glauca reforestation stock

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1669-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Krasowski ◽  
J N Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
System Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Forest Sites

The relationship between certain morphological characteristics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) planting stock (STK) and post-planting seedling performance was evaluated. Root system size at planting, its expansion, and its capacity to conduct water during the first post-planting weeks were determined. These characteristics were related to the performance of STK planted on two forest sites and measured for three growing seasons and to the performance of seedlings grown in large wooden boxes buried in the soil outdoors for one growing season (grown without competition from other vegetation). The compared STK were (i) polystyroblock grown, (ii) polystyroblock grown with chemical root pruning, and (iii) peat-board grown with mechanical root pruning. After three growing seasons on forest sites, seedlings with mechanically pruned roots grew more above ground than did seedlings from polystyroblock containers. This difference in seedling growth performance was even more significant for seedlings grown in wooden boxes. Of these, the mechanically pruned seedlings grew more not only above the ground but they also produced larger root systems by the end of the first growing season. This was despite the initially significantly smaller root systems of mechanically pruned seedlings, compared with the other two STK. Early (5-7 weeks after planting) post-planting root expansion patterns in the three STK were significantly different, with the roots of mechanically pruned seedlings growing less than the roots in the other two STK. In spite of this, pressure-probe measured hydraulic conductivity and water flux through root systems increased during the first post-planting weeks in mechanically pruned seedlings while declining or changing little in the other two STK. It was concluded that root system size at planting and its early post-planting expansion did not relate well to the root system hydraulic properties or to the post-planting seedling growth performance.

Distribution of Radial Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Individual Sequences

The patterns of ring width throughout the root systems and stems of several 32- to 36-year-old, plantation-grown red pine were analyzed. All root systems showed a basic similarity in their radial sequences of ring width. Within a root system, individual sequences ranged from those similar to the radial sequence at the stem base to ones apparently dissimilar. At the stem–root base, the increasing distance to the tree crown with time and changes in mechanical stresses with increasing tree size appeared to play major roles in the development of the basic pattern. The position and type of root, the environment of its apices, and changes in the transportation pathways in the xylem and phloem at branching points may all have influenced the pattern in individual roots. The pattern of deposition of xylem at branching points was visualized as an interaction between the stream of growth regulators and assimilates towards the root tips and the stream of xylem water (and (or) dissolved substances) towards the root base. Discontinuities in the growth layers did not occur in the stem but increased with time in the roots, particularly in the surface horizontal roots. Moisture availability modified the radial sequence patterns and probably influenced the shifts in longitudinal distribution of radial increment from year to year within and between the stem and the root system. The maximum current annual increment in root wood volume occurred before that in the stem.

scholarly journals Improvements in the Root Morphology, Physiology, and Anatomy of Platycladus orientalis Seedlings from Air-root Pruning

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1750-1756
Author(s):  
Zhipei Feng ◽  
Xitian Yang ◽  
Hongyan Liang ◽  
Yuhua Kong ◽  
Dafeng Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Platycladus Orientalis

Air-root pruning (AP) has been identified as an effective technique for enhancing root growth and development. However, little information is available regarding the temporal changes in the root system of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco under AP. We performed integrated morphological, physiological, and anatomical analyses of the roots in P. orientalis seedlings that had been air-root pruned for 120, 150, and 190 days. Our results found that the whole root length, number of root tips, and root surface area of AP seedlings at 120, 150, and 190 days were higher than those of the non–root-pruned (NP) seedlings (P < 0.05), but the average root diameter did not differ significantly between the treatments. Compared with NP treatment, AP increased the root length, surface area, number of tips, and specific root length of the ≤0.5 mm diameter roots in P. orientalis during the experimental periods (P < 0.05), but those of 0.5- to 1-mm-diameter roots were only increased on day 190 (P < 0.05). The AP plants also exhibited higher root vitality and proportion of live fine roots than the NP plants (P < 0.05). Our anatomical evaluation of the ≤0.5 mm roots and taproots revealed features that could account for the morphological differences found between the AP and NP plants. In conclusion, our results indicate that air-root pruning induced changes in the roots that promote the root system development in P. orientalis compared with the NP treatment during the experimental period. These results thus provide experimental evidence to support the use of AP in P. orientalis seedlings.

Effect of applied growth regulators and cultural treatments on flowering and shoot growth of Pinustabulaeformis

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuxing Sheng ◽  
Shasheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Male Cone ◽  
Female Flowering ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Stem Girdling ◽  
Hormonal Treatments

Fourteen treatments expected to promote and regulate flowering were administered to 7-year-old seedlings of Chinese pine (Pinustabulaeformis Carr.), and three were administered to 11-year-old grafted propagules. The cultural treatments, including root pruning, stem girdling, polyethylene mulching, and injection of gibberellin A3 (GA3) significantly increased male cone bud production of the young seedlings. For female flowering, however, only GA4 injection, alone and in combination with root pruning, had a statistically significant positive effect. N6-benzyladenine (BA) injection significantly decreased both male and female cone-bud production. There was no synergistic effect between the cultural and the hormonal treatments on flowering of the seedlings. Treatments with naphthaleneacetic acid dramatically enhanced male cone bud production of the grafted propagules, but did so at the expense of female cone bud production. The hormonal treatments (GA3, GA4, and BA injection) all promoted vegetative shoot growth of the treated seedlings. The cultural treatments generally inhibited shoot length growth and had no significant effect on diameter growth.

scholarly journals Effects of Pruning Liriope Bibs During Division on Subsequent Growth

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Christine K. Hayes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Root Tips

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine if shoot pruning of liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey ‘Big Blue’, ‘Evergreen Giant’, and ‘Variegata’] at division affected subsequent growth of roots and shoots. Plants were divided into single bibs and shoots were either left unpruned or pruned 5 cm (2 in) above the plant crown. Plants with shoots pruned took longer to develop 25 new root tips and had smaller root masses at the end of the experiment. ‘Big Blue’ plants had 7.5 bibs per container when plants were not pruned and 4.2 bibs per container when plants were pruned. Root system number at division was also evaluated. Plants with larger roots systems (10 or more roots) developed 25 new roots faster, and produced more bibs than plants with smaller root systems (3-5 roots) at division. In experiments 2 and 3, ‘Evergreen Giant’ was similar to ‘Big Blue’ in that plants that were not pruned developed 25 new roots faster and had larger root systems at the end of the experiment than plants that were pruned. Results with ‘Variegata’, known to be a slower growing cultivar, were varied.

scholarly journals Changes in Tree Root Architecture Resulting from Field Nursery Production Practices1

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Watson ◽  
Angela Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Main Root ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Production Practices

Abstract Nursery production practices subject tree root systems to mechanical and environmental factors that are not imposed on plants regenerated naturally from seed. Architecture of undisturbed root systems of nine trees species commonly planted in urban landscapes was compared to root architecture of these tree species produced using common field nursery production practices. When young nursery production seedlings are root-pruned prior to replanting, the loss of the lower portion of the main root and lateral roots emerging from it, and initiation of adventitious roots from the cut end, alter the root system architecture. Nursery production plants have 7 to 48 percent fewer natural lateral roots that could develop into flare roots than undisturbed plants. New roots initiated from the cut end of the main root on nursery production plants can substitute for the loss of lateral roots, if accepted practices are followed. Root architecture of trees is established early. With minor exceptions attributed to the loss of small roots less than 1 mm diameter, there were no significant changes in the number of lateral roots over the 4 year period in both nursery production and undisturbed plants. This consistent number of roots also suggests that pruning the main root did not stimulate additional lateral roots above the pruning cut. Root architecture of liner stock produced in nurseries can be equivalent to undisturbed root systems. Index words: Structural roots, root pruning, bare root, root depth, taproot, root flare. Species used in this study: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.); green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.); littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata L.); red maple (Acer rubrum L.); European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.); Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioicus L.); domestic apple (Malus spp.); red oak (Quercus rubra L.); Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila Jacq.).

scholarly journals Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Dechant
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Invariant Sets ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Reflection Groups ◽  
Computational Work ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Underlying Geometry ◽  
Coxeter Plane ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractRecent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$ H 3 → H 4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$ Pin and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$ Spin covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$ H 3 via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$ H 4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$ Cl ( 3 ) , including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.

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