EFFECT OF PLASMA PROTEINS ON THE FRAGILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Triantaphyllopoulos ◽  
E. H. Krikke
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Overnight Incubation

Addition of fibrinogen or of the anticoagulant fraction of incubated fibrinogen (AFIF) to fresh blood in vitro decreases both the osmotic and the mechanical fragility of the erythrocytes. This suggests that these proteins contribute to the structural integrity of the red cells. On the other hand, addition of albumin does not affect significantly the fragility. Overnight incubation of the blood–protein mixtures abolishes the protective effect of fibrinogen on both kinds of fragility and that of AFIF on the osmotic type. The increased resistance of the red cells, however, to mechanical trauma in the presence of AFIF remains unaffected by incubation.

The Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorf Calcium Phosphate and Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel on Dental Erosion in Primary Teeth: An in Vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Arat Maden ◽  
Özge Acar ◽  
Ceyhan Altun ◽  
Günseli Güven Polat
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Casein Phosphopeptide

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and casein phosphopeptide/amorphous calciumphosphate (CPP-ACP) on the dental erosion produced by carbonated soft drink in primary teeth. Study Design: This study evaluated by an in vitro model the effect of APF gel and CPP-ACP on the dental enamel previously subjected to erosive challenge with carbonated soft drink. Sixty sound human primary molars were prepared by embedding the crown sections in acrylic resin blocks leaving the enamel surfaces exposed. The surface roughness of the enamel was measured with prophilometry at baseline. Specimens were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n:20): artificial saliva, CPP-ACP, 1.23% APF gel. All specimens were then exposed to an erosive challenge of carbonated soft drink and artificial saliva for 20 cycles of 20 seconds each. Demineralization-remineralization cycles was repeated twice at eight-hour intervals and roughness values were measured. Enamel samples were treated with artificial saliva, CPP-ACP, 1.23% APF gel applied for 10 min after erosive challenge. The arithmetic average roughness (Ra) readings were recorded after remineralization agents were applied. Results: The mean surface roughness in all groups increased significantly after erosion process and decreased after remineralization treatment. After treatment, the mean surface roughness of the 1.23% APF gel group was significantly less than the other groups and the mean surface roughness of the artificial saliva group was significantly more than the other groups. 1.23% APF gel showed the highest protective effect against erosive enamel loss. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, artificial saliva, CPP-ACP and 1.23% APF treatments were able to reduce erosive enamel loss produced by carbonated soft drink in primary teeth. However, 1.23% APF gel showed the highest protective effect against erosive enamel loss.

scholarly journals Studies on Abnormal Hemoglobins

Blood ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1216-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL SINGER ◽  
BEN FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Nonuniform Distribution ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Unequal Distribution

Abstract 1. By transfusing sickle cell anemia erythrocytes with a relatively high concentration of F hemoglobin into normal recipients, it was demonstrated that the disappearance rates of the transfused cells and of their alkali resistant pigment consistently showed great discrepancies. These observations suggest an unequal distribution of the F pigment within the erythrocyte population. A nonuniform distribution of F hemoglobin could also be detected in vitro by exposing sickle cell anemia bloods to mechanical trauma for a longer period of time. The cells most resistant to trauma contained a higher percentage of F hemoglobin than the original blood specimen. 2. The red cell population of patients with sickle cell anemia seems to be composed of three main fractions: (1) cells containing S hemoglobin and no or little F hemoglobin, (2) cells containing both pigments and (3) cells containing F pigment with no or little S hemoglobin. 3. The erythrocytes carrying mostly S hemoglobin have the shortest life span, whereas the red cells containing mostly F hemoglobin have the longest survival time. 4. The significance of these findings in regard to clinical and genetic aspects of sickle cell anemia is discussed. No direct correlation is demonstrable in an individual patient between the absolute amounts of either type S or type F hemoglobin and the severity of the anemia. The latter depends on the variable size of the portion of red cells containing mostly S hemoglobin, and also on the ability of the marrow to replace this particular fraction.

Kinetics of chlorambucil in vitro: effects of fluid matrix, human gastric juice, plasma proteins and red cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Löf ◽  
J. Hovinen ◽  
P. Reinikainen ◽  
L.M. Vilpo ◽  
E. Seppälä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Human Gastric Juice ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Kinetics Of

Cow red blood cells. I. Effect of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides in bovine red cell glycolysis

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (5) ◽  
pp. C255-C261 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Seider ◽  
H. D. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hexokinase Activity ◽  
Glycolytic Rate

Cow red cells, under in vitro incubation conditions, exhibit a comparatively low glycolytic rate of 0.56 +/- 0.05 micromol/(ml cells.h), with a ratio of lactate formed to glucose consumed of 1.58. It has been found that this low glycolytic rate can be stimulated 50--60% above the basal level in the presence of a variety of purine and pyrimidine compounds including adenosine, inosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uracil. In contrast, calf red cells, which have a much higher glycolytic rate, display no discernible response to these agents. In attempts to elucidate the mechanism by which this stimulation takes place, both glucose transport and glycolytic enzyme activities were determined in the presence of these stimulators. Glucose influx in cow red cells, measured using the glucose analog 3-O-methyl-glucose, exhibits both a low Km of 117 microM and a Vmax of 0.38 micromol/(ml cells.min), and is unaltered in the presence of adenosine. On the other hand, hexokinase, which in normal hemolysates of cow red cells has an activity of 0.49 +/- 0.03 micromol/(g Hb.min). was found to be stimulated to 0.73 micromol/(g Hb.min) in the presence of adenine. Both pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase were unaffected by this compound. These data suggest that certain purines and pyrimidine compounds may exert their stimulatory effect on hexokinase activity, resulting in an augmentation of cow red cell glycolysis.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES UPON LYMPHOCYTES

1917 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwin M. Pappenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Thymus Cells

The work of previous investigators gives the impression that it is easy to produce sera which both in vitro and upon injection are leukotoxic. At the same time the specificity of these leukotoxic sera for the particular type of cell used as antigen, and even for leukocytes in general, has been doubtful. The methods used have made certain possible factors of error unavoidable. Even careful washing of an organ or suspension cannot render it wholly blood-free, so that it is not surprising that the sera should be moderately hemolytic and hemagglutinative. Pearce has shown that the injection of very small amounts of blood is sufficient to evoke the production of immune hemolysins. When such sera are injected the lesions, as Pearce states, may be due in part to the production of hemagglutinative thrombi, although this hardly seems to apply to the changes in lymphoid tissue described by Flexner. On the other hand, the lymphotoxic effect of hemolytic sera may be due to the lymphocytes injected with the red cells. Our own experiments indicate that the lymphotoxic and agglutinative factors are to a considerable degree distinct from the hemolytic and hemagglutinative ones, since they can be separated from one another by absorption. Further evidence is presented that the small thymus cells are biologically related to, if not identical with the lymphocytes derived from lymph glands.

Blood protein and blood cell interactions with gold nanoparticles: the need for in vivo studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha B. Shah ◽  
John C. Bischof
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Protein Corona ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
And Control

AbstractGold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained in prominence within the field of nanomedicine with recent advancement of several embodiments to clinical trials. To ensure their success in the clinic it has become increasingly clear that a deeper understanding of the biological interactions of GNPs is imperative. Since the majority of GNPs are intended for systemic intravenous use, an immediate and critical biological interaction is between the blood and the GNP. Blood is composed of plasma proteins and cells. Both of these components can induce downstream effects upon interacting with GNPs that ultimately influence their medical impact. For instance, proteins from the blood can cover the GNP to create a biological identity through formation of a protein corona that is quite different from the originally synthesized GNP. Once in the bloodstream this protein coated GNP evokes both positive and negative physiological responses such as biodistribution into tissue for therapy (i.e., cancer) and toxicity or off target accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) that must be controlled for optimal use. In this review, we summarize predominantly in vitro studies of GNP interactions with blood plasma proteins and blood cells and make the case that more in vivo study is urgently needed to optimal design and control GNP use in medicine. In some cases where no specific GNP blood studies exist, we draw the readers’ attention to studies conducted with other types of nanoparticles as reference.

A COMPARISON OF THE ACTION OF B.WELCHII TOXIN WITH OTHER HAEMOTOXINS ON HUMAN AND RABBIT RED CELLS IN VITRO

1930 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
J. H. Orr ◽  
W. A. Campbell ◽  
G. B. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Regular Sequence ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Staph Aureus

The effect of various representative hæmotoxins on human and rabbit red blood cells in vitro was studied. It was found that as a result of the action of B. welchii toxins produced from a variety of strains of the organism a definite anisocytosis was produced and that the change in size of the cells followed a regular sequence. The first change to be noted was a development of cells having an average diameter less than the normal (microcyte stage). Further action of the toxin resulted in the replacement of these microcytes by cells having an average diameter greater than the normal (macrocyte stage). Following this macrocyte stage it was found that there was a return of the cells to a diameter very closely approximating the normal. This change in the size of the cells did not appear as a result of the action of any of the other hæmotoxins worked with viz., B. tetani, V. septique, Strepto. scarlatinœ, Staph. aureus.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of antibody coated human red cells in the presence of human serum

Blood ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1202
Author(s):  
RJ Kurlander ◽  
WF Rosse
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Red Cells

When peripheral blood lymphocytes and human red cells coated with IgG were incubated in vitro in culture medium, antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated lysis was observed. This lysis was markedly inhibited by the addition of purified monoclonal IgG1 (1000 microgram/ml) to the culture medium. In contrast, lysis by lymphocytes of sensitized red cells in the presence of undiluted human serum was equal to or greater than lysis in medium alone, even in the presence of IgG1 at 1000 microgram/ml, despite the high concentration of IgG in human serum (6000--19,000 microgram/ml). Serum heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min also restored lysis in the presence of IgG1. When serum was separated into three fractions by passage through a Sephadex G-200 column, the third fraction, which contained proteins with a molecular weight of less than 100,000 d (but neither of the other two fractions nor purified human albumin), restored lymphocyte-mediated lysis in the presence of IgG1.

Effect of Salicylate on the Fate of Bishydroxycoumarin in the Rat

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Thomas ◽  
B. B. Coldwell ◽  
H. S. Buttar ◽  
W. Zeitz
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Distribution Study ◽  
Tissue Distribution Study ◽  
Bound Drug ◽  
Lung And Kidney

Salicylate increased the rate of elimination of 14C-bishydroxycoumarin from the blood during the first 7 h after administration. A tissue distribution study showed most of the radioactivity to be found in liver, blood, lung, and kidney. Salicylate treatment increased the concentration of radioactivity in the liver and decreased it in blood, but had little effect in the other tissues. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was increased from 12.3 ± 2.7 to 29.3 ± 2.5% of the dose in the 0–6 h period by salicylate. Total urinary and fecal excretion was little affected. An in vitro plasma protein study showed that salicylate displaces bound bishydroxycoumarin. A similar effect was observed in vivo. It is concluded that salicylate increases the initial rate of bishydroxycoumarin elimination by displacing some of the bound drug from plasma proteins, thereby facilitating uptake into the liver where the drug is metabolized and excreted.

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