Effects of inhaled cadmium on breathing in the mouse

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1243-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fukiko Ueda ◽  
Midori Nagata ◽  
Toshifumi Nagata ◽  
Masaki Umeda
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pulmonary Congestion ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Respiration Frequency ◽  
Pentobarbital Anesthesia ◽  
Carrier Solvent

Effects of intranasally administered cadmium (3.67 μg Cd ~ 36.7 mg per mouse) on breathing were investigated in mice under pentobarbital anesthesia. Cd levels found in the respiratory tract were dependent on the amount administered. Cd mainly caused degeneration and desquamation of the bronchial epithelium and pulmonary congestion, while the carrier solvent had no effects. On the other hand, the carrier solvent decreased respiratory frequency and enhanced its amplitude. These effects were absent 24 h later. However, Cd strongly affected respiration; frequency and amplitude were decreased and recovery at 24 h was not complete at the higher concentrations. These effects by Cd on respiration were dependent on the concentration of administered Cd and the Cd level in lung. Therefore, these results suggest that intranasally administered Cd has inhibitory effects on mouse respiration, perhaps owing to its acute toxicity to pulmonary tissues.Key words: cadmium, mouse, inhalation, lung, respiration.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 792-792
Author(s):  
C. Bozic
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
The Other ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Inferior Lobe ◽  
Other Hand

I have read with interest Doctors Adams' and El-Salawy's comments on my case report identified in their letter as the "Lausanne baby." I do think that the "Lausanne baby" represents a case of pulmonary vascular sequestration inasmuch as the inferior lobe of the left lung received its blood supply by means of three arterial branches coming off directly from the aorta. On the other hand, I do not think that the "Lausanne baby" is a case of pulmonary parenchymal sequestration and this because the inferior lobe of the left lung was proven to be, at least to my satisfaction, in direct communication with the remainder of the respiratory tract.

scholarly journals Inward and outward effectiveness of cloth masks, a surgical mask, and a face shield

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Pan ◽  
Charbel Harb ◽  
Weinan Leng ◽  
Linsey C. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Overall Efficiency

AbstractWe evaluated the effectiveness of 11 face coverings for material filtration efficiency, inward protection efficiency on a manikin, and outward protection efficiency on a manikin. At the most penetrating particle size, the vacuum bag, microfiber cloth, and surgical mask had material filtration efficiencies >50%, while the other materials had much lower filtration efficiencies. However, these efficiencies increased rapidly with particle size, and many materials had efficiencies >50% at 2 μm and >75% at 5 μm. The vacuum bag performed best, with efficiencies of 54-96% for all three metrics, depending on particle size. The thin acrylic and face shield performed worst. Inward protection efficiency and outward protection efficiency were similar for many masks; the two efficiencies diverged for stiffer materials and those worn more loosely (e.g., bandana) or more tightly (e.g., wrapped around the head) compared to a standard earloop mask. Discrepancies between material filtration efficiency and inward/outward protection efficiency indicated that the fit of the mask was important. We calculated that the particle size most likely to deposit in the respiratory tract when wearing a mask is ∼2 μm. Based on these findings, we recommend a three-layer mask consisting of outer layers of a flexible, tightly woven fabric and an inner layer consisting of a material designed to filter out particles. This combination should produce an overall efficiency of >70% at the most penetrating particle size and >90% for particles 1 μm and larger if the mask fits well.

scholarly journals Comparison of nebulized Salbutamol versus Adrenaline in the treatment of wheeze associated respiratory tract infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Sireesha S. ◽  
B. S. Prasad ◽  
Suresh J.
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Pediatric Department ◽  
Nebulized Salbutamol

Background: Wheezing related to respiratory infections is common in infancy and early child hood. In 1-3% of all infants these infections are severe enough to require hospitalization. Most episodes of wheezing in early life are of viral origin and form a heterogeneous group with different outcomes. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of bronchodilators in wheeze associated respiratory infection and to comparing the efficacy of a nebulized nonspecific adrenergic agonist -1 adrenaline with a nebulized beta-2 specific agonist salbutamol for the treatment of the wheeze associated respiratory tract infection.Methods: The study was conducted in children reporting to the Pediatric Department Government General Hospital in Kakinada. The study period was 6 months from January to June 2014. Children between the ages of two months to two years attending the hospital with the clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were enrolled. Results: 30 children were enrolled. 22 (73.3) were in age group of 2 months to 1 year and 8 (26.7%) were in age group of 1-2 years. There is no added advantage of decreasing the respiratory rates, wheezing and retractions of one over the other groups.Conclusions: It can be inferred that bronchodilators, both nebulized adrenalin and salbutamol are useful in relieving symptoms and improving oxygenation in wheezy infants with clinical diagnosis of WRTI. No drug is said to be better over the other.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Monoamine Oxidases and Cholinesterases Inhibitory Effects, as well as UPLC-DAD-MS Chemical Profile of Alkaloid Fractions Obtained from Species of the Palicoureeae Tribe

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior ◽  
Carolina dos Santos Passos ◽  
Juliana Salton ◽  
Fernanda Gobbi Bitencourt de ◽  
Luís Funez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indole Alkaloids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Monoamine Oxidases ◽  
Mao B ◽  
Bche Activity ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Mao A

In the present study, the effects were evaluated of alkaloid fractions (AFs) from Psychotria species and correlated genera, Palicourea and Rudgea, on monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and cholinesterases (ChEs). By HPLC-DAD and UPLC-DAD-MS analyses, indole alkaloids (IA) were detected in all AFs. For the Psychotria and Palicourea species, these IA corresponded to tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloids (THβCA). On the other hand, pyrrolidinoindoline core compounds were observed for Rudgea species. Regarding their pharmacological activities, none of the AFs was able to inhibit AChE. However, the BChE activity was impaired by the Psychotria and Palicourea AFs. In addition, MAO-A was inhibited by both AFs, but only Psychotria nemorosa AF was able to inhibit significantly MAO-B. Rudgea AFs demonstrated a poor inhibitory profile on MAO-A. Taken together, our results highlighted the Psychotria and Palicourea genera as important sources of scaffolds for the development of MAO-A and BChE inhibitors aiming at the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.

scholarly journals The Haemophilic Bacteria of the Upper Respiratory Tract, the Appearance of Virulent forms in Relation to Upper Respiratory Infections

1934 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Normal Health

In previous studies of the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract and its variations during attacks of acute coryza (Hoyle, 1932), it was found that there was in many cases a striking relationship between the appearance of certain organisms with definite pathogenic properties towards the lower animals, in the upper respiratory tract, and the occurrence of acute infections. This relationship was especially marked in the case of the influenza bacillus, and it was suggested that this organism played a prominent part in the aetiology of upper respiratory infections. The significance of the influenza bacillus in acute coryza has been noted by various workers (Noble, Fisher and Brainard, 1928; Burky and Smillie, 1929; Webster and Clow, 1932; Kneeland and Dawes, 1932), but on the other hand various observers have found the incidence of influenza bacilli in the respiratory tract to be the same in normal health and in acute coryza, and Fleming (1929) and Fleming and Maclean (1930) have devised a technique by means of which they claim to have isolated influenza bacilli in 100 per cent, of normal throats. One possible explanation of these conflicting results may be found in the absence of any very exact criterion of what constitutes a typical influenza bacillus.

Sweet Taste Responses of Mouse Chorda Tympani Neurons: Existence of Gurmarin-Sensitive and -Insensitive Receptor Components

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 3087-3091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzo Ninomiya ◽  
Toshiaki Imoto ◽  
Tadataka Sugimura
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Taste ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Single Fibers ◽  
Taste Cells ◽  
C57bl Mice ◽  
Mouse Taste

Sweet taste responses of mouse chorda tympani neurons: existence of gurmarin-sensitive and -insensitive receptor components. Inhibitory effects of gurmarin (gur) on responses to sucrose and other sweeteners of single fibers of the chorda tympani nerve in C57BL mice were examined. Of 30 single fibers that strongly responded to 0.5 M sucrose but were not or to lesser extent responsive to 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M HCl, and 0.02 M quinine HCl (sucrose-best fibers), 16 fibers showed large suppression of responses to sucrose and other sweeteners by lingual treatment with 4.8 μM (∼20 μg/ml) gur (suppressed to 4–52% of control: gur-sensitive fibers), whereas the remaining 14 fibers showed no such gur inhibition (77–106% of control: gur-insensitive fibers). In gur-sensitive fibers, responses to sucrose inhibited by gur recovered to ∼70% of control responses after rinsing the tongue with 15 mM β-cyclodextrin and were almost abolished by further treatment with 2% pronase. In gur-insensitive fibers, sucrose responses were not inhibited by gur, but were largely suppressed by pronase. These results suggest existence of two different receptor components for sweeteners with different susceptibilities to gur in mouse taste cells, one gur sensitive and the other gur insensitive. Taste cells possessing each component may be specifically innervated by a particular type of chorda tympani neurons.

Zebrafish tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase: molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Mishiro ◽  
Ming-Yih Liu ◽  
Yoichi Sakakibara ◽  
Masahito Suiko ◽  
Ming-Cheh Liu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Cloning ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Level ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Rapid Amplification ◽  
High Degree

By employing the reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction technique in conjunction with 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, a full-length cDNA encoding a zebrafish (Danio rerio) tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that this zebrafish TPST is, at the amino acid sequence level, 66% and 60% identical to the human and mouse TPST-1 and TPST-2, respectively. The recombinant form of the zebrafish TPST, expressed in COS-7 cells, exhibited a pH optimum at 5.75. Manganese appeared to exert a stimulatory effect on the zebrafish TPST. The activity of the enzyme determined in the presence of 20 mM MnCl2 was more than 2.5 times that determined in the absence of MnCl2. Of the other nine divalent metal cations tested at a 10 mM concentration, Co2+ also showed a considerable stimulatory effect, while Ca2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ exerted some inhibitory effects. The other four divalent cations, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+, inhibited completely the sulfating activity of the zebrafish TPST. Using the wild-type and mutated P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 N-terminal peptides as substrates, the zebrafish TPST was shown to exhibit a high degree of substrate specificity for the tyrosine residue on the C-terminal side of the peptide. These results constitute a first study on the cloning, expression, and characterization of a zebrafish cytosolic TPST.Key words: zebra fish, tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, molecular cloning.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from China

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 2158-2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deli Xin ◽  
Zuhuang Mi ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Ling Qin ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Fifty clinical Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains were isolated from 370 children with respiratory tract infections. Four strains were susceptible to macrolides, while the other 46 (92%) were macrolide resistant. The molecular mechanism of resistance was shown to be associated with point mutations in 23S rRNA at positions 2063 and 2064.

scholarly journals Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1–9 in Chickens and Ducks

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e34927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Hee Kim ◽  
Sa Xiao ◽  
Heather Shive ◽  
Peter L. Collins ◽  
Siba K. Samal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Syncytium Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Avian Paramyxovirus ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Systemic Spread

Avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotypes 1–9 have been isolated from many different avian species. APMV-1 (Newcastle disease virus) is the only well-characterized serotype, because of the high morbidity, mortality, and economic loss caused by highly virulent strains. Very little is known about the pathogenesis, replication, virulence, and tropism of the other APMV serotypes. Here, this was evaluated for prototypes strains of APMV serotypes 2–9 in cell culture and in chickens and ducks. In cell culture, only APMV-1, -3 and -5 induced syncytium formation. In chicken DF1 cells, APMV-3 replicated with an efficiency approaching that of APMV-1, while APMV-2 and -5 replicated to lower, intermediate titers and the others were much lower. Mean death time (MDT) assay in chicken eggs and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) test in 1-day-old SPF chicks demonstrated that APMV types 2–9 were avirulent. Evaluation of replication in primary neuronal cells in vitro as well as in the brains of 1-day-old chicks showed that, among types 2–9, only APMV-3 was neurotropic, although this virus was not neurovirulent. Following intranasal infection of 1-day-old and 2-week-old chickens, replication of APMV types 2–9 was mostly restricted to the respiratory tract, although APMV-3 was neuroinvasive and neurotropic (but not neurovirulent) and also was found in the spleen. Experimental intranasal infection of 3-week-old mallard ducks with the APMVs did not produce any clinical signs (even for APMV-1) and exhibited restricted viral replication of the APMVs (including APMV-1) to the upper respiratory tract regardless of their isolation source, indicating avirulence of APMV types 1–9 in mallard ducks. The link between the presence of a furin cleavage site in the F protein, syncytium formation, systemic spread, and virulence that has been well-established with APMV-1 pathotypes was not evident with the other APMV serotypes.

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