scholarly journals Comparison of nebulized Salbutamol versus Adrenaline in the treatment of wheeze associated respiratory tract infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Sireesha S. ◽  
B. S. Prasad ◽  
Suresh J.
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Pediatric Department ◽  
Nebulized Salbutamol

Background: Wheezing related to respiratory infections is common in infancy and early child hood. In 1-3% of all infants these infections are severe enough to require hospitalization. Most episodes of wheezing in early life are of viral origin and form a heterogeneous group with different outcomes. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of bronchodilators in wheeze associated respiratory infection and to comparing the efficacy of a nebulized nonspecific adrenergic agonist -1 adrenaline with a nebulized beta-2 specific agonist salbutamol for the treatment of the wheeze associated respiratory tract infection.Methods: The study was conducted in children reporting to the Pediatric Department Government General Hospital in Kakinada. The study period was 6 months from January to June 2014. Children between the ages of two months to two years attending the hospital with the clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were enrolled. Results: 30 children were enrolled. 22 (73.3) were in age group of 2 months to 1 year and 8 (26.7%) were in age group of 1-2 years. There is no added advantage of decreasing the respiratory rates, wheezing and retractions of one over the other groups.Conclusions: It can be inferred that bronchodilators, both nebulized adrenalin and salbutamol are useful in relieving symptoms and improving oxygenation in wheezy infants with clinical diagnosis of WRTI. No drug is said to be better over the other.

scholarly journals The Haemophilic Bacteria of the Upper Respiratory Tract, the Appearance of Virulent forms in Relation to Upper Respiratory Infections

1934 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hoyle
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Normal Health

In previous studies of the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract and its variations during attacks of acute coryza (Hoyle, 1932), it was found that there was in many cases a striking relationship between the appearance of certain organisms with definite pathogenic properties towards the lower animals, in the upper respiratory tract, and the occurrence of acute infections. This relationship was especially marked in the case of the influenza bacillus, and it was suggested that this organism played a prominent part in the aetiology of upper respiratory infections. The significance of the influenza bacillus in acute coryza has been noted by various workers (Noble, Fisher and Brainard, 1928; Burky and Smillie, 1929; Webster and Clow, 1932; Kneeland and Dawes, 1932), but on the other hand various observers have found the incidence of influenza bacilli in the respiratory tract to be the same in normal health and in acute coryza, and Fleming (1929) and Fleming and Maclean (1930) have devised a technique by means of which they claim to have isolated influenza bacilli in 100 per cent, of normal throats. One possible explanation of these conflicting results may be found in the absence of any very exact criterion of what constitutes a typical influenza bacillus.

Role of Human Coronaviruses in Acute Respiratory Infections and Seroprevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in children

2020 ◽  
Vol EJMM29 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Ghada A. Fahmy ◽  
Dina M. Erfan ◽  
Sondos M. Magdy ◽  
Rania A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Coronaviruses have been the focus of many studies since the emergence of SARS-CoV. Data on the role of MERS-CoV in respiratory tract infection and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in Egypt are limited. Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of coronaviruses in respiratory tract infections and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in pediatric age group. Methodology: Respiratory samples were collected from 80 children with respiratory infections for detection of coronaviruses using PCR technique. Serum samples were collected from 200 children for detection of MERS-CoV IgG immunolglobulins. Results: 4 out of 80 (5%) of the respiratory samples tested positive for coronavirus (OC43 subtype). None of respiratory samples tested positive for MERS-CoV, while MERS-CoV IgG was detected in 1% of serum samples.Conclusion: A low prevalence of coronaviruses was observed in children with respiratory infection. A seroprevalence of 1% MERS-CoV was detected. Further studies are recommended on larger scale.

scholarly journals 683. Molecular Detection of Enterovirus D68 among Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S395-S395
Author(s):  
Joyce Appiah-Kubi
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory tract infections of viral origin remain a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and economic loss regardless of age or gender. A small number of acute respiratory tract infection cases caused by enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) have been reported regularly to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 1987 by countries in North America, Europe and Asia. However, in 2014 and 2015, the number of reported confirmed EV-D68 infections was much greater than in previous years. The National Influenza Centre (NIC), Ghana carries out surveillance of respiratory infections, focusing on those caused by influenza virus; however, there is inadequate information on other viruses causing respiratory infections in Ghana, including EV-D68. Objectives To investigate the association of EV-D68 with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) and Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in Ghana. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study which involved archived human respiratory specimens stored at -80ºC at the NIC from 2014 to 2015. Using a random sampling method, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with SARI and ILI that were negative by real-time PCR for human influenza viruses were screened for EV-D68 using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Results Enterovirus D68 was detected in 4 (2.2%) out 182 SARI samples tested. EV-D68 was detected in children younger than 5 years (4-100% of positives) and was not detected in children older than 5 years. Enterovirus D68 was detected more frequently in SARI cases (3%) than in ILI cases (1.2%). Conclusion This study has shown for the first time the presence of EV-D68 in acute respiratory infection in Ghana. The results confirmed minimal EV-D68 circulation in the Ghanaian population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Coping with COVID-19: The Strategies Adapted by Pakistani Students to Overcome Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1799
Author(s):  
Gul Muhammad Baloch ◽  
Kamilah Kamaludin ◽  
Karuthan Chinna ◽  
Sheela Sundarasen ◽  
Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
University Policies ◽  
One Year

COVID-19 has speedily immersed the globe with 72+ million cases and 1.64 million deaths, in a span of around one year, disturbing and deteriorating almost every sphere of life. This study investigates how students in Pakistan have coped with the COVID-19. Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was used for measuring anxiety and the coping strategies were measured on four strategies i.e., seeking social support, humanitarian, acceptance, and mental disengagement. Among 494 respondents, 61% were females and 77.3% of the students were in the age group of 19–25 years. The study findings indicate that approximately 41 percent of students are experiencing some level of anxiety, including 16% with severe to extreme levels. Seeking social support seemed to be the least preferred coping strategy and that female students seek social support, humanitarian, and acceptance coping strategies more than males. Students used both emotion-based and problem-based coping strategies. The variables of gender, age, ethnicity, level and type of study, and living arrangement of the students were associated with usage of coping strategies. Findings showing that students do not prefer to seek social support. The study outcomes will provide basic data for university policies in Pakistan and the other countries with same cultural contexts to design and place better mental health provisions for students.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

Future Costs of Long-term Care in Japan and Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mårten Lagergren ◽  
Noriko Kurube ◽  
Yasuhiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Term Care ◽  
And Gender

Population aging is expected to increase long-term care (LTC) costs in both Japan and Sweden. This study projected LTC costs for 2010 through 2040 for different assumptions of population change, LTC need by age group and gender, and LTC provided per level of need and cost in Japan and Sweden. Population data were taken from the official national forecasts. Needs projections were based on epidemiological data from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions. Data on LTC provision by need and cost were taken from nine Japanese municipalities collected by assessments in the LTC insurance system and from surveys in eight Swedish municipalities. Total initial costs were calibrated to official national figures. Two projections based on two different scenarios were made for each country from 2010 to 2040. The first scenario assumed a constant level of need for LTC by age group and gender, and the other assumed a continuation of the present LTC need trends until 2025. For Japan, this resulted in a projected cost increase of 93% for the one and 80% for the other; for Sweden it was 52% and 24%, respectively. The results reflected differences in population aging and health development.

scholarly journals The local antibody response to R.S. virus infection in the respiratory tract

1974 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott ◽  
P. S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYNasopharyngeal secretions were taken during the acute phase of illness from 66 infants and children admitted to hospital with lower respiratory tract infections. Second secretions were taken, after an interval of 7 days, from 33 of these patients. A significant increase in neutralizing activity to R.S. virus was demonstrated in the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in response to severe R.S. virus infection. Seventeen out of 25 patients (68%) with R.S. virus infections developed a rise in secretory neutralizing titre, compared with only 1 out of 8 patients (13%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A high titre of secretory neutralizing activity was found more often in the acute phase of illness in patients with R.S. virus infections, especially bronchiolitis, than in patients with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus. Fifteen out of 34 patients (44%) with R.S. virus bronchiolitis were found to possess a neutralizing titre of 1/4 or more in their first secretions, compared with 4 out of 12 patients (33%) with R.S. virus infections other than bronchiolitis and 3 out of 20 patients (15%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A quantitative analysis of the immunoglobulins present in the secretions indicated that IgA was the only immunoglobulin consistently present at a detectable concentration. The geometric mean values of IgA, IgM and IgG in the secretions examined were found to be 22·3, 4·3 and 5·3 mg./lOO ml. respectively.The neutralizing activity against R.S. virus, present in the secretions, was shown to be due to specific IgA antibody. This was accomplished by removing the neutralizing activitv in two secretions bv absorotion with anti-IaA serum.

SUDDEN AND UNEXPECTED DEATH IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester Adelson ◽  
Eleanor Roberts Kinney
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Past History ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
History Of

One hundred twenty-six consecutive cases of sudden and unexpected death in children between the ages of 10 days and 2 years were studied. Anatomic and microbiologic studies were carried out and an investigation was made at the home in each case. Both sexes were equally vulnerable. Eighty-five per cent of the children were less than 6 months old. The peak incidence was at 2 months. Ninety-nine children were found dead and 27 were observed to die. The same variety and severity of anatomic lesions were found in both categories. Sixteen children in the same age range who died rapidly following known lethal voilence were studied as a control group. Of the nontraumatic sudden death ("unexplained") series 106 (84 per cent) revealed microscopic inflammatory changes in 1 or more sites of the respiratory tract, and histologic evidence of inflammatory disease in other organs was seen in many cases. Acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema was a common anatomic finding (82 per cent). It was usually accompanied by visceral and cerebral congestion and hemorrhages. Special investigative procedures including staining of the liver for glycogen, determination of the glucose level of the cerebrospinal fluid and study of the adrenals for sudanophilia and birefringence indicated that these factors are without significance in sudden death in early life. A variety of congenital and acquired abnormalities, the presence of which had been unsuspected, was demonstrated at necropsy. Eleven per cent of the 126 cases showed no anatomic abnormalities other than the circulatory phenomena. No single bacterial organism or group of organisms was isolated with any degree of consistency from any site. All attempts to isolate viruses were negative. Ante-mortem symptomatology, circumstances of death, history of contact with infectious disease, and past history of repeated respiratory infection were without prognostic significance and were not pathognomic as to the cause of death. Eighty children had histories of mild illness for 48 hours or less prior to death. Fifty-three children had received some form of treatment during this interval. Sixty-nine children had histories of contact with infectious diseases. Forty-one children had past histories of repeated respiratory infections. The cases came from every social level. Sixty-five per cent had received good care while 35 per cent had received poor care. Many of the control cases showed inflamatory disease in the respiratory tract similar to that seen in the natural death group as well as anatomic evidence of lethal trauma. The inflammatory lesions are thus not incompatible with life. Several hypotheses are offered in an effort to link microscopic inflammatory respiratory tract changes with hemorrhagic pulmonary edema and sudden death. Anatomic and anamnestic evidence exclude mechanical suffocation by bedding. No statement as to the cause of death of an infant who has died suddenly and unexpectedly should be made without complete gross and microscopic studies and thorough investigation of the scene and circumstances of death.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 792-792
Author(s):  
C. Bozic
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
The Other ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Inferior Lobe ◽  
Other Hand

I have read with interest Doctors Adams' and El-Salawy's comments on my case report identified in their letter as the "Lausanne baby." I do think that the "Lausanne baby" represents a case of pulmonary vascular sequestration inasmuch as the inferior lobe of the left lung received its blood supply by means of three arterial branches coming off directly from the aorta. On the other hand, I do not think that the "Lausanne baby" is a case of pulmonary parenchymal sequestration and this because the inferior lobe of the left lung was proven to be, at least to my satisfaction, in direct communication with the remainder of the respiratory tract.

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