Assessment of methyl ester as a green carrier solvent in pesticide emulsifiable concentrate formulation

The conventional pesticide emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations usually contain a large amount of aromatic solvents. This causes adverse effects to environment and human health due to the toxicity of such organic solvents. In this study, a cypermethrine 25EC formulation was developed using methyl ester as a green solvent. The physicochemical characterizations, emulsion properties and storage stabilities of the methyl ester EC formulations were investigated and compared with those of the EC formulation using naphtha A100 as a solvent, evidencing excellent emulsion properties and storage stabilities of such methyl ester EC formulations.

An Inorganic-rich SEI Induced by LiNO3 Additive for Stable Lithium Metal Anode in Carbonate Electrolyte

The dissolution of LiNO3 in carbonate electrolytes is achieved by introducing pyridine as a new carrier solvent owing to its higher Gutmann donor number than NO3-. The Li metal anode...

Effect of Manual and Automatic Activated Tungsten Inert Gas Welding Using Single Component Fluxes on Stainless Steel AISI-304

The study compared the effects of manual activated tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding and automated A-TIG welding on AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)- 304 at three different values of current using commercially available powders of Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, MgCl2, and TiO2 separately as activated flux and distilled water as carrier solvent. The effect of fluxes on the depth of penetration of the weldments, width of weldment, microstructure of the weldment, and microhardness of the weldment was investigated. Reverse Marangoni convection and arc constriction are found to be more effective in A-TIG manual welding, as aspect ratio obtained by A-TIG manual welding is greater as than that of automatic A-TIG welding. Microstructure of both the manual and automatic A-TIG-welded specimen is similar with no noticeable differences and almost same amount of intermetallic phases and carbon precipitates. Microhardness tests revealed that for Al2O3 and TiO2 fluxes, manual A-TIG-welded specimen have lower values of microhardness at weldment, heat-affected zone, and base metal than automated A-TIG-welded specimen. The aim of the study is to implement the manual A-TIG process in shipbuilding industry to improve the productivity of welding as automated A-TIG welding in the industry has limitations.

Visualising early-stage liquid phase organic crystal growth via liquid cell electron microscopy

Here, we show that the development of nuclei and subsequent growth of a molecular organic crystal system can be induced by electron beam irradiation by exploiting the radiation chemistry of the carrier solvent.

Uji Organoleptik Serbuk Biji Azadirachta Indica Dalam Variasi Minyak

Neem plants (Azadirachta indica) are commonly found in Situbondo Regency, and currently underutilized nimba plants have many benefits, both in agriculture as pesticides and in pharmaceuticals as medicines. The content of the active compound is more commonly found in nimba seeds. The largest active compound that is an insecticide in neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) is azadirachtin. Azadirachtin is a group of terpenoid compounds which are generally non-polar so that the extraction process can use non-polar solvents. In this study using oil as a carrier solvent, it is known that oil is non-polar. This research was conducted with the aim to know the organoleptic test results of neem seed powder (Azadirachta indica) in oil variations. Organoleptic test results showed physical changes of the three oils, clearly visible in the color produced after treatment. The results of the three samples showed that the color was not clear (turbid). The aroma produced from each oil is not rancid and the pH measurement shows an increase from 5 to 6. Keywords: Azadirachta Indica Seed, Oil, Organoleptic Test ABSTRAK Tanaman nimba (Azadirachta indica) banyak ditemukan di Kabupaten Situbondo, dan pada saat ini kurang dimanfaatkan Tanaman nimba memiliki banyak manfaat, baik dalam bidang pertanian yaitu sebagai pestisida maupun dalam bidang farmasi yaitu sebagai obat-obatan. Kandungan senyawa aktif insektisida lebih banyak ditemukan dalam biji nimba. Senyawa aktif terbesar yang bersifat insektisida dalam biji nimba (Azadirachta indica) yaitu azadirachtin. Azadirachtin merupakan golongan senyawa terpenoid yang umumya bersifat non polar sehingga proses ekstraksinya dapat menggunkaan pelarut non polar. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan minyak sebagai pelarut pembawa, telah diketahui bahwa minyak bersifat non polar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengatahui hasil uji organoleptik serbuk biji nimba (Azadirachta indica) dalam variasi minyak. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan perubahan fisik dari ketiga minyak, terlihat jelas pada warna yang dihasilkan setelah perlakuan. Hasil dari ketiga sampel menunjukkan warna tidak jernih (keruh). Aroma yang dihasilkan dari masing-masing minyak yaitu tidak tengik serta pada pengukuran pH menunjukkan kenaikan dari 5 menjadi 6. Kata Kunci: Biji Azadirachta Indica, Minyak, Uji Organoleptik

Evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis via alcoholic fermentation of corn flour

The research was concerned with the enzymatic hydrolysis followed by alcoholic fermentation of corn flour. Commercial corn flour purchased from local market contained starch of 87.25%, moisture 11.86% and ash 0.70%. The kinetics of corn flour hydrolysis was performed at 50°C, 65°C and 80°C using commercial thermos table-∞-amylase and ∞-amyloglucosidase. During hydrolysis the residual starch content was decreased with increasing hydrolysis time. The line weaver- Burk plot for enzyme hydrolysis of corn starch for 2.5%, 5% and 10% flour solution showed a Km value of 2.46, 2.27 and 1.73 mg/ml and Vmax values 1.23, 1.21 and 0.96 U/ml for 50°C, 65°C and 80°C respectively. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to detect the presence of dextrose in the hydrolyzates. The Rf (Retention factors) values showed that the starch was mainly composed of dextrose and depended on carrier solvent use for dextrose assessment. When 100% ethyl alcohol used as carrier solvent the Rf value was 0.72 and ethyl alcohol: ethyl acetate= 1:1 the Rf value was 0.65. Both corn flour solution and its enzymatic hydrolysates were fermented with commercial baker’s yeast. Both the cases starch content was decreased and alcohol content was increased during hydrolysis and alcohol production was 3 times more from hydrolysates. The results obtained here will be useful for further research in the production of other value added products like white vinegar from the produced alcohol from con flour.

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Different Types of Polymers on Viscosity Index and Pour Point of Iraqi Base Oils

In this study, the effects of blending the un-branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (n-decyl acrylate), and the branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (iso-octyl acrylate), on the viscosity index (VI), and the pour point of the Iraqi base stocks 40, and 60 respectively, were investigated. Toluene was used as a carrier solvent for both polymer types. The improvement level of oils (VI, & pour point) gained by blending the oil with the acrylate derived polymers was compared with the values of (VI, and pour point) gained by blending the oil with a commercial viscosity index, and pour point improver. The commercial lubricant additive was purchased and used by Al-Daura Refineries. It consisted of an un-known olefin copolymer dissolved in an un-known carrier solvent. All polyacrylate derivatives and the commercial lubricant additive named HITEC5748 were blended with each type of oil in weight percentage of (2, 4, 6, 8, & 10) wt. %. The result of the study was that the improvement in the viscosity index and the pour point of both base stock types was higher when using the polyacrylate derivatives than when using the commercial olefin copolymer additive.

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Different Types of Polymers on Viscosity Index and Pour Point of Iraqi Base Oils

In this study, the effects of blending the un-branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (n-decyl acrylate), and the branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (iso-octyl acrylate), on the viscosity index (VI), and the pour point of the Iraqi base stocks 40, and 60 respectively, were investigated. Toluene was used as a carrier solvent for both polymer types. The improvement level of oils (VI, & pour point) gained by blending the oil with the acrylate derived polymers was compared with the values of (VI, and pour point) gained by blending the oil with a commercial viscosity index, and pour point improver. The commercial lubricant additive was purchased and used by Al-Daura Refineries. It consisted of an un-known olefin copolymer dissolved in an un-known carrier solvent. All polyacrylate derivatives and the commercial lubricant additive named HITEC5748 were blended with each type of oil in weight percentage of (2, 4, 6, 8, & 10) wt. %. The result of the study was that the improvement in the viscosity index and the pour point of both base stock types was higher when using the polyacrylate derivatives than when using the commercial olefin copolymer additive.