LONGEVITY OF BLACK FLIES IN CAPTIVITY

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Parasite ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
In Captivity

Adult female black flies were maintained in captivity for as long as 63 days, 34 living for at least 20 days. The flies were kept in longevity tubes in an unhealed room during the spring and summer, and survived longest when sugar was provided as granules and water by a wick. Flies of undetermined age, netted away from the stream, outlived those that emerged one day before the experiment. Females lived longer than males. Flies that partook of a partial blood meal were more viable than those that partook of a full meal. Flies that fed on ducks highly infected with the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon, were less viable than those fed on uninfected ducks, but in most cases flies, collected in the woods, that were not made to feed on ducks outlived those that fed on ducks. On the average, mortality increased during warm weather and decreased during cooler weather.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Partially Submerged Sticky Traps On Lake Spillways For Adult Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Surveillance and Arbovirus Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-310
Author(s):  
Michael C. Cavallaro ◽  
Eric Risley ◽  
Paige Lockburner
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Culex Mosquito ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Average Standard Error

ABSTRACT Sentinel surveillance systems demonstrate an improved ability to supplement monitoring data and anticipate arbovirus outbreaks (i.e., sentinel avian species). Management complications can arise during unpredictable or unseasonal disease detections, especially in rural areas where resident distribution is patchy. Using spillways near residential lake communities as static surveillance locations, we tested a novel partially submerged sticky trapping technique and screened wild populations of adult female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) for West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Trap site selection criteria considered the density of immature black fly colonization on spillway surfaces and the number of positive detections of arboviral targets in nearby Culex mosquito populations. On average (±standard error), sticky traps captured 134 (±33) adult black flies over a 24-h period, with 1 trap capturing as many as 735 individuals. Although we detected positive cases of WNV from 20 Culex mosquito trapping sites within 16 km (approx. flight radius) of the selected lake spillways, mixed pools of adult female Simulium vittatum complex and Simulium decorum were all negative for both arboviruses. This study yielded an application for partially submerged sticky traps to collect adult female black flies. Its potential uses for monitoring the infection rates of more well-documented Simulium parasites are discussed.

The effects of Cannabis sativa on the behavior of adult female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Levett ◽  
G. S. Saayman ◽  
F. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Papio Ursinus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Chacma Baboons

Growth of the Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus (Shaw), (Marsupialia) in Captivity

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
K Newgrain ◽  
B Green
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
At Will

The growth and development, from 10 to 270 days old, of eastern quolls in a captive colony was recorded. Young were able to detach from the teat by 65 days of age and their eyes were open by 80 days. Statistically significant differences in some measurements from males and females were found as early as 85 days of age. The weaning period commenced at 102 days ofage, and coincided with eruption ofthe first molar teeth. Total independence, determined by the cessation of lactation in the mother, was as early as 142 days in litters of one or as late as 200 days in larger litters. There was a high correlation between litter size and age at independence. Lactation was maintained in all previously suckled mammary glands of adult females after the death of young aged 65 days or over if some siblings remained. This was due to the ability of young of this age to detach and reattach to the teats at will. The implication of this observation is that the commonly held view that the numbers of surviving young in marsupial litters corresponds to the number of lactating teats in the adult female may not always be correct.

THE POPULATION AND ACTIVITY OF ADULT FEMALE BLACK FLIES IN THE VICINITY OF A STREAM IN ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Large Peak

The population of females of Simulium venustum Say on the wing was measured by hand-netting. The population varied annually and seasonally coincident with the number and longevity of immigrant and emergent flies. Longevity in turn was probably related to the rainfall.Activity was divided into flying, attraction, landing, and biting, the first two measured by hand-netting and the last two by counts on a unit area of human skin in the shade. Flying usually varied diurnally, a large peak in the evening and a small one in the morning. Attraction varied with none of the meteorological factors measured. Biting and flying increased and landing decreased with rapidly changing, especially falling, pressure. Other factors influenced flying and landing, but not biting, when the area was in the shade. Flying was greatest between 60–80° F., at low but not zero saturation deficiencies, in light winds, and in zero to low rates of evaporation. Landing on the host was least below 55 °F. and at 65–75 °F., at zero and intermediate saturation deficiencies, and at moderately high rates of evaporation. These factors affected the flies landing on the host directly, and indirectly by curtailing the flying that brought flies to the host in the first place. In the direct sunlight landing decreased to one-half and biting; to one-quarter of that in the shade.

Pathology of Coelomomyces stegomyiae in adult Aedes aegypti ovaries

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Lucarotti ◽  
Marina B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Yolk Granules ◽  
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Tunica Propria ◽  
Coelomomyces Stegomyiae

Coelomomyces stegomyiae (Chytridiomycetes, Blastocladiales) infection in adult female Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) is located primarily in the ovaries. Fungal hyphae do not penetrate the germaria or follicles but instead lie between the tunica propria and epithelial sheath within each ovariole and between the epithelial sheath and the peritoneal sheath of the ovary. Aedes aegypti is an anautogenous mosquito requiring a blood meal for egg development; similarly, fungal hyphae in infected ovaries will not differentiate to form resting sporangia until after the mosquito has taken a blood meal. The fungus restricts receptor-mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin by the plasma membrane of the oocyte so that few, if any, vitellin yolk granules form. Thick-walled resting sporangia have formed 72 h after the blood meal has been taken and these will be oviposited by the females in place of the aborted eggs.

Attacks on the endangered Attwater's Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) by black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) infected with an avian blood parasite

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
Donna Roach ◽  
Will K. Reeves ◽  
Joseph P. Flanagan ◽  
Michael E. Morrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Parasite ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Tympanuchus Cupido ◽  
Avian Blood ◽  
Prairie Chicken ◽  
Attwater's Prairie Chicken ◽  
Tympanuchus Cupido Attwateri

scholarly journals Deep Sequencing revealed "Plant Like Transcripts" in mosquito Anopheles culicifacies: an Evolutionary Puzzle

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punita Sharma ◽  
Swati Sharma ◽  
Ashwani Mishra ◽  
Tina Thomas ◽  
Tanwee Das De ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Culicifacies ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Experimental Validations ◽  
Molecular Relationships

As adult female mosquito's salivary gland facilitate blood meal uptake and pathogen transmission e.g. Plasmodium, virus etc., a plethora of research has been focused to understand the mosquito-vertebrate-pathogen interactions. Despite the fact that mosquito spends longer time over nectar sugar source, the fundamental question "how adult female salivary gland manages molecular and functional relationship during sugar vs. blood meal uptake" remains unanswered. Currently, we are trying to understand these molecular relationships under dual feeding conditions in the salivary glands of the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies. During functional annotation of salivary transcriptome database, unexpectedly we discovered a cluster of salivary transcripts encoding plant like proteins. Our multiple experimental validations confirmed that Plant like transcripts (PLTs) are of mosquito origin and may encode functional proteins. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the PLTs and ongoing metagenomic analysis of salivary microbiome provide first evidence that how mosquito may have been benefited from its association with plant host and microbes. Future understanding of the underlying mechanism of the feeding associated molecular responses may provide new opportunity to control vector borne diseases.

scholarly journals A synergistic transcriptional regulation of olfactory genes derives complex behavioral responses in the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanwee Das De ◽  
Tina Thomas ◽  
Sonia Verma ◽  
Deepak Singla ◽  
Charu Rawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Female Mosquito ◽  
Anopheles Culicifacies ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Adult Female Mosquito

AbstractDecoding the molecular basis of host seeking and blood feeding behavioral evolution/adaptation in the adult female mosquito may provide an opportunity to design new molecular strategy to disrupt human-mosquito interactions. However, despite the great progress in the field of mosquito olfaction and chemo-detection, little is known that how the sex-specific specialization of the olfactory system enables adult female mosquitoes to derive and manage complex blood feeding associated behavioral responses. A comprehensive RNAseq analysis of prior and post blood meal olfactory system of An. culicifacies mosquito revealed that a minor but unique change in the nature and regulation of key olfactory genes play a pivotal role in managing diverse behavioral responses. Age dependent transcriptional profiling demonstrated that adult female mosquito’s chemosensory system gradually learned and matured to drive the host-seeking and blood feeding behavior at the age of 5-6 days. A zeitgeber time scale expression analysis of Odorant Binding Proteins (OBPs) unravels unique association with a late evening to midnight peak biting time. Blood meal-induced switching of unique sets of OBP genes and Odorant Receptors (ORs) expression coincides with the change in the innate physiological status of the mosquitoes. Blood meal follows up experiments provide enough evidence that how a synergistic and concurrent action of OBPs-ORs may drive ‘prior and post blood meal’ complex behavioral events. Finally, tissue-specific gene expression analysis and molecular modelling predicted two uncharacterized novel sensory appendages proteins (SAP-1 & SAP2) unique to An. culicifacies mosquito and may play a central role in the host-seeking behavior.SignificanceEvolution and adaptation of blood feeding behavior not only favored the reproductive success of adult female mosquito but also make them an important disease vectors. Immediately after emergence, an environmental exposure may favor the broadly tuned olfactory system of mosquitoes to derive complex behavioral responses. But, how these olfactory derived genetic factors manage female specific ‘pre and post’ blood meal associated complex behavioral responses are not well known. We unraveled synergistic actions of olfactory factors governs an innate to prime learning strategy to facilitate rapid blood meal acquisition and downstream behavioral activities. A species-specific transcriptional profiling and an in-silico analysis predict novel ‘sensory appendages protein’, as a unique target to design disorientation strategy against the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies.

The effect of diet on the life-span and egg maturation of caged adult sheep headflies, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Berlyn
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Egg Maturation ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Honey Solution ◽  
Aphid Honeydew

AbstractA method for maintaining adults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) in captivity in groups, pairs or singly, is described. Male flies lived about half as long as females. Plies required carbohydrate and water for survival. A 50% honey solution, a 50% sucrose solution, thistle flowers and aphid honeydew all met the energy requirements of H. irritans, unlike blood, serum, milk, sweat, dung and mucus. The number of eggs matured was greatest on a diet of carbohydrate with blood or serum. Fewer eggs developed in flies given a diet of carbohydrate with milk, and very few on a diet of carbohydrate with horse sweat, cow sweat, dung or mucus. No eggs were matured by females fed on carbohydrate alone. All males had active spermatozoa whether or not they were fed on blood, but females were only inseminated after both they and the males with which they were kept had been given blood. The insemination rate was low at 13·3%. Females required more than one blood-meal, but not more than one every third week, in order to develop the maximum number of eggs.

Developmental and seasonal changes in resting metabolic rates of captive female grey seals

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1781-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Boily ◽  
David M. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Predicted Values

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) data obtained from five juvenile and three adult female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in captivity over a period of 3.5 years were examined for developmental and seasonal changes. Three juveniles exhibited a significant relationship between log10 RMR and log10 mass, with individual slopes ranging from 0.42 to 1.62. Two of these exhibited a significant relationship between log10 RMR and log10 age. The remaining two juveniles and the three adults exhibited no significant relationship between RMR and body mass. With increasing size and age, RMRs of juveniles approached predicted values for adult mammals, but the large variation made it difficult to establish the precise age at which they achieved an adult-like RMR. RMRs of adults and juveniles exhibited marked seasonal changes. In juveniles, seasonal changes in RMR were limited to the annual moult, when the average RMR was 35% higher than during the rest of the year. In adults, changes in RMR were not limited to the time of the annual moult; rather, RMR was lower (by up to 50%) in the summer than during other seasons.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document