THE POPULATION AND ACTIVITY OF ADULT FEMALE BLACK FLIES IN THE VICINITY OF A STREAM IN ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Large Peak

The population of females of Simulium venustum Say on the wing was measured by hand-netting. The population varied annually and seasonally coincident with the number and longevity of immigrant and emergent flies. Longevity in turn was probably related to the rainfall.Activity was divided into flying, attraction, landing, and biting, the first two measured by hand-netting and the last two by counts on a unit area of human skin in the shade. Flying usually varied diurnally, a large peak in the evening and a small one in the morning. Attraction varied with none of the meteorological factors measured. Biting and flying increased and landing decreased with rapidly changing, especially falling, pressure. Other factors influenced flying and landing, but not biting, when the area was in the shade. Flying was greatest between 60–80° F., at low but not zero saturation deficiencies, in light winds, and in zero to low rates of evaporation. Landing on the host was least below 55 °F. and at 65–75 °F., at zero and intermediate saturation deficiencies, and at moderately high rates of evaporation. These factors affected the flies landing on the host directly, and indirectly by curtailing the flying that brought flies to the host in the first place. In the direct sunlight landing decreased to one-half and biting; to one-quarter of that in the shade.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Partially Submerged Sticky Traps On Lake Spillways For Adult Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Surveillance and Arbovirus Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-310
Author(s):  
Michael C. Cavallaro ◽  
Eric Risley ◽  
Paige Lockburner
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Culex Mosquito ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Average Standard Error

ABSTRACT Sentinel surveillance systems demonstrate an improved ability to supplement monitoring data and anticipate arbovirus outbreaks (i.e., sentinel avian species). Management complications can arise during unpredictable or unseasonal disease detections, especially in rural areas where resident distribution is patchy. Using spillways near residential lake communities as static surveillance locations, we tested a novel partially submerged sticky trapping technique and screened wild populations of adult female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) for West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Trap site selection criteria considered the density of immature black fly colonization on spillway surfaces and the number of positive detections of arboviral targets in nearby Culex mosquito populations. On average (±standard error), sticky traps captured 134 (±33) adult black flies over a 24-h period, with 1 trap capturing as many as 735 individuals. Although we detected positive cases of WNV from 20 Culex mosquito trapping sites within 16 km (approx. flight radius) of the selected lake spillways, mixed pools of adult female Simulium vittatum complex and Simulium decorum were all negative for both arboviruses. This study yielded an application for partially submerged sticky traps to collect adult female black flies. Its potential uses for monitoring the infection rates of more well-documented Simulium parasites are discussed.

LONGEVITY OF BLACK FLIES IN CAPTIVITY

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Parasite ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
In Captivity

Adult female black flies were maintained in captivity for as long as 63 days, 34 living for at least 20 days. The flies were kept in longevity tubes in an unhealed room during the spring and summer, and survived longest when sugar was provided as granules and water by a wick. Flies of undetermined age, netted away from the stream, outlived those that emerged one day before the experiment. Females lived longer than males. Flies that partook of a partial blood meal were more viable than those that partook of a full meal. Flies that fed on ducks highly infected with the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon, were less viable than those fed on uninfected ducks, but in most cases flies, collected in the woods, that were not made to feed on ducks outlived those that fed on ducks. On the average, mortality increased during warm weather and decreased during cooler weather.

EFFECT OF TRAP SITE, TIME OF DAY, AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS ON ABUNDANCE OF HOST-SEEKING MAMMALOPHILIC BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Martin ◽  
J.W. McCreadie ◽  
M.H. Colbo
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Sticky Trap ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Trap Site ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Trap Location ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trapping Location

AbstractSweep-net and sticky-trap data were used to examine the influence of time of day (morning, afternoon, evening), trapping location (pasture, bog, fen, regrowth, and mature forest), and meteorological factors (wind, temperature, saturation deficit, and light) on adult female fly catch for three species (species complex) of black flies — Simulium truncatum/venustum complex, Prosimulium mixtum, and Stegopterna mutata (triploid). Wind speed, light, temperature, saturation deficit, and time of day were all shown to have a significant effect on mean catch, although effects varied among species. After accounting for weather and time, trap location was shown to have a significant effect on mean catch. The effect of site on the mean fly catch of S. truncatum/venustum complex varied with season (June to July), which may have resulted from a seasonal shift in sibling-species composition. Mean catches of P. mixtum and St. mutata were lowest in traps located in open habitats.

scholarly journals Effects of intracerebroventricularly administered octreotide on gonadotrophic cells in female rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Natasa Nestorovic ◽  
Mirjana Lovren ◽  
Milka Sekulic ◽  
Natasa Negic ◽  
Branka Sosic-Jurjevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Gonadotrophic Cells

Effects of intracerbroventricularly (ICV) administered octreotide on gonadotrophic cells (FSH and LH) of adult Wistar female rats were examined by immunocytochemical and morphometric methods. The animals received ICV three 1.0 mg doses of octreotide dissolved in 10 mL saline every second day. The controls were treated with equivalent volume of physiological saline by the same schedule. FSH- and LH-producing cells were examined using peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure. Morphometric and stereologic examinations were performed to evaluate changes in the number, volume and volume densities of gonadotrophic cells. In females treated with octreotide, the gonadotrophic cells were smaller and often pycnotic, while the number of FSH- and LH-immunopositive cells per unit area (mm2) was significantly reduced. Octreotide also induced a significant reduction of the FSH- and LH-immunoreactive cells volume, as well as of their volume densities. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that octeotride, centrally administered to adult female rats provokes changes in immunocytochemical and morphometric features of both types of gonadotrophic cells.

The role of water for heat dissipation by a Jersey cow and a Corriedale ewe.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Knapp ◽  
KW Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Respiratory Mechanism

Experimental climatological work was carried out on a Jersey cow and a Corriedale ewe. These animals were exposed to a series of controlled environmental conditions in a psychrometric room for periods of 7 hr and their reactions observed. Both animals showed an increase in body temperature, respiratory rate and volume, and respiratory and transcutaneous water losses during heat exposure. Values and trends in these reactions were calculated for each exposure. Transcutaneous water loss by unit area of Jersey cow skin was of the same order as loss through human skin. Respiratory water loss formed only a small fraction — a fifth to a ninth — of the total water loss. In the sheep, however, respiratory water loss reached as much as one-third of the total water loss and the transcutaneous loss was one-third of that through human skin. It was concluded that the Jersey cow efficiently maintained a heat balance presumably by a good sweating mechanism. The Corriedale ewe, however, was a poorly sweating ruminant, relying mainly on the respiratory mechanism for approaching a heat balance.

scholarly journals First Record of Aedes aurifer in Kentucky

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Blank ◽  
Kenneth W. Blank ◽  
Jillian A. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Madison County ◽  
Control And Prevention

ABSTRACT Aedes aurifer were collected for the 1st time in Madison County, KY, during a survey of adult female mosquitoes in the summer of 2016. A total of 15 Ae. aurifer females were captured from 4 survey sites during the months of July and August. Twelve of the Ae. aurifer specimens collected were captured in BG-1 Sentinel™ Traps baited with carbon dioxide, octenol, and BG-human skin extract lure®, while the other 3 specimens were captured with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Miniature Light Traps baited with carbon dioxide and octenol. This is the 1st published record of Ae. aurifer in Kentucky.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

Reconstruction of Objects from their Projections Using Orthogonal Functions

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Elrnar Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Object A ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Spatial Density Distribution

Considering any finite three-dimensional object, a “projection” is here defined as a two-dimensional representation of the object's mass per unit area on a plane normal to a given projection axis, here taken as they-axis. Since the object can be seen as being built from parallel, thin slices, the relation between object structure and its projection can be reduced by one dimension. It is assumed that an electron microscope equipped with a tilting stage records the projectionWhere the object has a spatial density distribution p(r,ϕ) within a limiting radius taken to be unity, and the stage is tilted by an angle 9 with respect to the x-axis of the recording plane.

A web-like network of type vi collagen in human skin is revealed by immuno-electron microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 382-383
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Keene ◽  
Robert W. Glanville ◽  
Eva Engvall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Primary Antibody ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Secondary Antibody ◽  
Type Vi Collagen ◽  
Dermal Matrix ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy

A mouse monoclonal antibody (5C6) prepared against human type VI collagen (1) has been used in this study to immunolocalize type VI collagen in human skin. The enbloc method used involves exposing whole tissue pieces to primary antibody and 5 nm gold conjugated secondary antibody before fixation, and has been described in detail elsewhere (2).Biopsies were taken from individuals ranging in age from neonate to 65 years old. By immuno-electron microscopy, type VI collagen is found to be distributed as a fine branching network closely associated with (but not attached to) banded collagen fibrils containing types I and III collagen (Fig. 1). It appears to enwrap fibers, to weave between individual fibrils within a fiber, and to span the distance separating fibers, creating a “web-like network” which entraps fibers within deep papillary and reticular dermal layers (Fig. 2). Relative to that in the dermal matrix, the concentration of type VI collagen is higher around endothelial basement membranes limiting the outer boundaries of nerves, capillaries, and fat cells (Fig. 3).

Morphometric SEM study of the effects of ACTH on endothelial fenestrae in the rat adrenal cortex

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
J. Curtis ◽  
K. S. Schwartz ◽  
R. P. Apkarian
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Saline Vehicle ◽  
Scanning Electron

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study was made of the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on the size and numbers of fenestrae/unit area in the capillary endothelium of the zona fasciculata (ZF) of the rat adrenal. The stimulatory effect of ACTH on cholesterol uptake via high density lipoproteins in the rat and evidence for the secretion of glucocorticoids by exocytosis of lipid droplets described by Rhodin suggest that endothelial change may accompany these transport phenomena.Twelve rats received two Dexamethasone (DEX) ip injections (25 μg DEX/100 g body wt.), the first at 8 PM and the second at 8 AM the next day, to inhibit the release of endogenous ACTH by the anterior pituitary. The animals were then divided into two groups. Six animals received only saline vehicle and six rats received ACTH (100 ng/100 g body wt.).

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