Lack of immunological privilege in chick brain as a transplantation site

To determine if the chick brain is an immunologically privileged site, skin autografts, allografts, and xenografts were transplanted into the brain of chicks (Gallus domesticus) and the rate of rejection of the grafts was compared with that of skin autografts, allografts, and xenografts transplanted to orthotopic sites. Rejection of the orthotopic grafts was evaluated by microscopic examination to determine the presence of the histological features of rejection. Grafts in the brain were examined microscopically for the histological features of rejection. Autografts were found to survive in the brain and on the skin for at least 4 weeks. However, when allografts and xenografts were transplanted into the brain, they were rejected just as quickly as when they were transplanted to the skin. The median survival time was 7 1/2 days for allografts to the brain and 8 1/2 days for orthotopic allografts. The median survival time was approximately 6 1/2 days for orthotopic xenografts and 7 days for xenografts to the brain. In the chick, then, the brain is not an immunologically privileged site.

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Brain Metastases From Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Prevalence, Current Therapies, and Outcomes

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/js.2018-00241 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 359-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cristiane J Gomes-Lima ◽

Di Wu ◽

Sarika N Rao ◽

Sree Punukollu ◽

Rama Hritani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Brain Metastases ◽

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Unusual Site ◽

Current Therapies ◽

The Brain

Abstract Background and Objective The brain is an unusual site for distant metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). The aim of this study was to document the prevalence of brain metastases from DTC at our institutions and to analyze the current therapies and the outcomes of these patients. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with DTC and secondary neoplasia of the brain. Results From 2002 to 2016, 9514 cases of thyroid cancer were evaluated across our institutions and 24 patients met our inclusion criteria, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.3% of patients with DTC. Fourteen (58.3%) were female and 10 (41.7%) were male. Fifteen patients had papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) (62.5%). Brain metastases were diagnosed 0 to 37 years (mean ± SD, 10.6 ± 10.4 years) after the initial diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Patients undergoing surgery had a median survival time longer than those that did not undergo surgery (27.3 months vs 6.8 months; P = 0.15). Patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) had a median survival time longer than those that did not receive SRS (52.5 months vs 6.7 months; P = 0.11). Twelve patients (50%) were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and they had a better survival than those who have not used a TKI (median survival time, 27.2 months vs 4.7 months; P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of brain metastases of DTC in our institutions was 0.3% over 15 years. The median survival time after diagnosis of brain metastases was 19 months. In our study population, the use of TKI improved the survival rates.

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Thirty years' experience with Gamma Knife surgery for metastases to the brain

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2008.10.jns08214 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 111 (3) ◽

pp. 449-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Bengt Karlsson ◽

Patrick Hanssens ◽

Robert Wolff ◽

Michael Söderman ◽

Christer Lindquist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Gamma Knife ◽

Median Survival ◽

Primary Tumor ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Gamma Knife Surgery ◽

Tumor Control ◽

Primary Disease ◽

Multiple Metastases ◽

The Brain

Object The aim of this study was to analyze factors influencing survival time and patterns of distant recurrences after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for metastases to the brain. Methods Information was available for 1855 of 1921 patients who underwent GKS for single or multiple cerebral metastases at 4 different institutions during different time periods between 1975 and 2007. The total number of Gamma Knife treatments administered was 2448, an average of 1.32 treatments per patient. The median survival time was analyzed, related to patient and treatment parameters, and compared with published data following conventional fractionated whole-brain irradiation. Results Twenty-five patients survived for longer than 10 years after GKS, and 23 are still alive. Age and primary tumor control were strongly related to survival time. Patients with single metastases had a longer survival than those with multiple metastases, but there was no difference in survival between patients with single and multiple metastases who had controlled primary disease. There were no significant differences in median survival time between patients with 2, 3–4, 5–8, or > 8 metastases. The 5-year survival rate was 6% for the whole patient population, and 9% for patients with controlled primary disease. New hematogenous spread was a more significant problem than micrometastases in patients with longer survival. Conclusions Patient age and primary tumor control are more important factors in predicting median survival time than number of metastases to the brain. Long-term survivors are more common than previously assumed.

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Correlates of survival and the Daumas-Duport grading system for astrocytomas

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1991.74.1.0027 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 27-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Tai Seung Kim ◽

Andrea L. Halliday ◽

E. Tessa Hedley-Whyte ◽

Karen Convery

Keyword(s):

Radiation Therapy ◽

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Massachusetts General Hospital ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽

Grading System ◽

Survival Times ◽

Histological Features ◽

Grade 3

✓ In order to examine the correlation between prognosis and the histological features of nuclear atypia, mitosis, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis in supratentorial adult astrocytomas, the authors reviewed 251 such cases treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1972 and 1980. One point was given for the presence of each feature. The total number of features was translated into a grade as follows: none of the four features = Grade 1 (one patient), one feature = Grade 2 (36 patients), two features = Grade 3 (33 patients), and three or four features = Grade 4 (181 patients). The period of survival was significantly associated with grade, the presence or absence of each of the four histological features, patient's age, type of operation, radiation therapy, and extent of tumor (log rank, p < 0.05). The variables associated with grade were age (p < 0.001) and radiation therapy (p < 0.02). After adjustment for these variables using a Cox proportional-hazards model, the difference in overall survival time between patients in Grades 2 and 3 was not statistically significant. When comparable groups of patients were examined in terms of age or receipt of radiation therapy, the median survival times differed markedly. Patients 50 years of age or less had a median survival time of 68 months (Grade 2 tumors), 29 months (Grade 3 tumors), and 13 months (Grade 4 tumors). Patients over 50 years of age had a median survival time of 6 months (Grade 2 and 4 tumors) and 9 months (Grade 3 tumors). Those patients who had received radiation therapy had a median survival time of 68 months (Grade 2 tumors), 21 months (Grade 3 tumors), and 11 months (Grade 4 tumors). Those patients who did not receive radiation therapy had a median survival time of 1 month (Grade 2 tumors) and 2 months (Grade 3 and 4 tumors); over half of these patients died within 2 months of surgery. This grading system, originally proposed by Daumas-Duport, et al., is simple, objective, and reproducible, and correlates well with survival times. The authors recommend that astrocytomas be graded on a scale of 1 to 4, with Grade 1 reserved for the rare adult supratentorial astrocytoma with none of the four histological features.

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Confidence Bands for the Median Survival Time as a Function of the Covariates in the Cox Model

10.21236/ada237626 ◽

1991 ◽

Author(s):

Deborah Burr ◽

Hani Doss

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Cox Model ◽

Confidence Bands

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CTNI-30. THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY WITH CONCOMITANT AND ADJUVANT TEMOZOLOMIDE VERSUS RADIOTHERAPY WITH CONCOMITANT TEMOZOLOMIDE ALONE IN CHILDREN WITH DIPG: A SINGLE-CENTER EXPERIENCE WITH 82 CASES

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.197 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii49-ii49

Author(s):

Mingyao Lai ◽

Juan Li ◽

Qingjun Hu ◽

Jiangfen Zhou ◽

Shaoqun Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Disease Recurrence ◽

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma ◽

Hematological Toxicity ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Single Center Experience ◽

Adjuvant Temozolomide ◽

Temozolomide Chemotherapy

Abstract OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide alone for pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), and to evaluate the value of temozolomide in the treatment of pediatric DIPG. METHODS The clinical data of children with confirmed DIPG in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 30, 2019 were collected. The inclusive criteria included (1) receiving a total radiotherapy dose of 54 Gy in 27 fractions, (2) treated with concomitant temozolomide chemotherapy, and (3) with or without adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy. RESULTS A total of 82 pediatric patients were eligible for the study, with a median age of 7 years (range 2–16 years). The median follow-up was 8.6 months (range 2–28 months) and the median survival time was 9.4 months. The median survival time of 66 patients treated with radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide was 9.8 months, longer than 7.5 months of the other 16 patients treated with radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide alone, with statistical differences (P=0.010). Moreover, bevacizumab and nimotuzumab didn’t bring survival benefits to patients with disease recurrence or progression. Hematological toxicity (Grade IV) was not found. CONCLUSION Radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide prolongs the survival time of children with DIPG.

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Survival after surgery among patients with cholangiocarcinoma in Northeast Thailand according to anatomical and morphological classification

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-021-08247-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chaiwat Tawarungruang ◽

Narong Khuntikeo ◽

Nittaya Chamadol ◽

Vallop Laopaiboon ◽

Jaruwan Thuanman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Care Program ◽

Tumor Location ◽

Northeast Thailand ◽

Curative Surgery

Abstract Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has been categorized based on tumor location as intrahepatic (ICCA), perihilar (PCCA) or distal (DCCA), and based on the morphology of the tumor of the bile duct as mass forming (MF), periductal infiltrating (PI) or intraductal (ID). To date, there is limited evidence available regarding the survival of CCA among these different anatomical and morphological classifications. This study aimed to evaluate the survival rate and median survival time after curative surgery among CCA patients according to their anatomical and morphological classifications, and to determine the association between these classifications and survival. Methods This study included CCA patients who underwent curative surgery from the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Northeast Thailand. The anatomical and morphological classifications were based on pathological findings after surgery. Survival rates of CCA and median survival time since the date of CCA surgery and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Multiple cox regression was performed to evaluate factors associated with survival which were quantified by hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% CIs. Results Of the 746 CCA patients, 514 had died at the completion of the study which constituted 15,643.6 person-months of data recordings. The incidence rate was 3.3 per 100 patients per month (95% CI: 3.0–3.6), with median survival time of 17.8 months (95% CI: 15.4–20.2), and 5-year survival rate of 24.6% (95% CI: 20.7–28.6). The longest median survival time was 21.8 months (95% CI: 16.3–27.3) while the highest 5-year survival rate of 34.8% (95% CI: 23.8–46.0) occurred in the DCCA group. A combination of anatomical and morphological classifications, PCCA+ID, was associated with the longest median survival time of 40.5 months (95% CI: 17.9–63.0) and the highest 5-year survival rate of 42.6% (95% CI: 25.4–58.9). The ICCA+MF combination was associated with survival (adjusted HR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.01–2.09; P = 0.013) compared to ICCA+ID patients. Conclusions Among patients receiving surgical treatment, those with PCCA+ID had the highest 5-year survival rate, which was higher than in groups classified by only anatomical characteristics. Additionally, the patients with ICCA+MF tended to have unfavorable surgical outcomes. Showed the highest survival association. Therefore, further investigations into CCA imaging should focus on patients with a combination of anatomical and morphological classifications.

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Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) survivorship following the ingestion of bird blood infected with Haemoproteus sp. parasites

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07196-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dayvion R. Adams ◽

Andrew J. Golnar ◽

Sarah A. Hamer ◽

Michel A. Slotman ◽

Gabriel L. Hamer

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Median Survival ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Bird Species ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Cardinalis Cardinalis ◽

Vector Borne ◽

And Behavior ◽

Negative Controls

AbstractArthropod vectors are frequently exposed to a diverse assemblage of parasites, but the consequence of these infections on their biology and behavior are poorly understood. We experimentally evaluated whether the ingestion of a common protozoan parasite of avian hosts (Haemoproteus spp.; Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) impacted the survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Blood was collected from wild northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in College Station, Texas, and screened for the presence of Haemoproteus spp. parasites using microscopic and molecular methods. Experimental groups of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were offered Haemoproteus-positive cardinal blood through an artificial feeding apparatus, while control groups received Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood or domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) blood. Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes exposed to Haemoproteus infected cardinal blood survived significantly fewer days than mosquitoes that ingested Haemoproteus-negative cardinal blood. The survival of mosquitoes fed on positive cardinal blood had a median survival time of 18 days post-exposure and the survival of mosquitoes fed on negative cardinal blood exceeded 50% across the 30 day observation period. Additionally, mosquitoes that fed on canary controls survived significantly fewer days than cardinal negative controls, with canary control mosquitoes having a median survival time of 17 days. This study further supports prior observations that Haemoproteus parasites can be pathogenic to bird-biting mosquitoes, and suggests that Haemoproteus parasites may indirectly suppress the transmission of co-circulating vector-borne pathogens by modulating vector survivorship. Our results also suggest that even in the absence of parasite infection, bloodmeals from different bird species can influence mosquito survivorship.

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3217 Catatonia, Delirium and Coma: Implications for Mortality

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2019.91 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (s1) ◽

pp. 37-37

Author(s):

Jo Ellen Wilson ◽

Sarasota Mihalko ◽

Stephan Heckers ◽

Pratik P. Pandharipande ◽

Timothy D. Girard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Median Survival ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Brain Dysfunction ◽

Survival Times ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Acute Brain Dysfunction

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Delirium, a form of acute brain dysfunction, characterized by changes in attention and alertness, is a known independent predictor of mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). We sought to understand whether catatonia, a more recently recognized form of acute brain dysfunction, is associated with increased 30-day mortality in critically ill older adults. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We prospectively enrolled critically ill patients at a single institution who were on a ventilator or in shock and evaluated them daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment for the ICU and for catatonia using the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale. Coma, was defined as a Richmond Agitation Scale score of −4 or −5. We used the Cox Proportional Hazards model predicting 30-day mortality after adjusting for delirium, coma and catatonia status. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We enrolled 335 medical, surgical or trauma critically ill patients with 1103 matched delirium and catatonia assessments. Median age was 58 years (IQR: 48 - 67). Main indications for admission to the ICU included: airway disease or protection (32%; N=100) or sepsis and/or shock (25%; N=79. In the unadjusted analysis, regardless of the presence of catatonia, non-delirious individuals have the highest median survival times, while delirious patients have the lowest median survival time. Comparing the absence and presence of catatonia, the presence of catatonia worsens survival (Figure 1). In a time-dependent Cox model, comparing non-delirious individuals, holding catatonia status constant, delirious individuals have 1.72 times the hazards of death (IQR: 1.321, 2.231) while those with coma have 5.48 times the hazards of death (IQR: 4.298, 6.984). For DSM-5 catatonia scores, a 1-unit increase in the score is associated with 1.18 times the hazards of in-hospital mortality. Comparing two individuals with the same delirium status, an individual with a DSM-5 catatonia score of 0 (no catatonia) will have 1.178 times the hazard of death (IQR: 1.086, 1.278), while an individual with a score of 3 catatonia items (catatonia) present will have 1.63 times the hazard of death. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Non-delirious individuals have the highest median survival times, while those who are comatose have the lowest median survival times after a critical illness, holding catatonia status constant. Comparing the absence and presence of catatonia, the presence of catatonia seems to worsen survival. Those individual who are both comatose and catatonic have the lowest median survival time.

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