Adrenal responsiveness in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) to acute and chronic stressors as predicted by remote monitoring of cardiac frequency

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2021-2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Harlow ◽  
E. Tom Thorne ◽  
Elizabeth S. Williams ◽  
E. Lee Belden ◽  
William A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Induced Changes

The concept of stress and the general adaptive syndrome as advanced by Hans Selye has received considerable attention during the past decade primarily in its interpretation of physiological changes associated with chronic stress. Our work with domestic sheep (Ovis aries) habituated to stalls and fitted with halters carrying indwelling electrocardiogram leads and jugular vein cannulas allowed us to remotely test heart rate and blood cortisol responses of these animals to graded stressors. A radioimmunoassay was validated on domestic sheep plasma. We were unable to identify significant alterations of the adrenal response test by sheep exposed to synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone after 34 days of chronic stress, suggesting neither adrenal exhaustion nor hypersensitivity. As an indicator of acute stress, we obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.91 between heart rate and blood cortisol, which suggests that heart rate has a strong potential of being a reliable predictor of cortisol values. With a regression equation, the heart rate of observed free-living sheep monitored by telemetry could be used to predict plasma cortisol levels and that, in turn, to predict potential stress-induced changes in animal production, including immunity.

Behaviour and seasonal variation in heart rate in domestic sheep, Ovis aries

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. Baldock ◽  
R.M. Sibly ◽  
P.D. Penning
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep

Cardiac frequency: a potential predictor of blood cortisol levels during acute and chronic stress exposure in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2028-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Harlow ◽  
E. Tom Thorne ◽  
Elizabeth S. Williams ◽  
E. Lee Belden ◽  
William A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Cardiac Frequency ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
In Captivity

It was the purpose of this study to investigate methods of assessing responses to stress by free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). The adrenal response test on wild-caught bighorn sheep maintained in captivity did not demonstrate either adrenal exhaustion or hypersensitivity during chronic stress. To study physiological responses to acute stress, hand-reared bighorn sheep were habituated to living in stalls and fitted with electrocardiogram leads and jugular cannulas for remote monitoring of cardiac frequency and blood cortisol changes. A radioimmunoassay was validated on bighorn sheep plasma which was a modification of the procedure used for domestic sheep. A linear relationship between heart rate and blood cortisol was obtained for individual animals suggesting that remote monitoring of cardiac frequency can be used as a predictor of adrenal function and, therefore, the potential immunologic condition of an animal during stress.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Chronic Stress and Heart Rate Over Time Modulated by Gender in a Cohort of Office Workers: Cross-Sectional Study Using Wearable Technologies

10.2196/18253 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. e18253
Author(s):  
Alex Wilhelmus Jacobus van Kraaij ◽  
Giuseppina Schiavone ◽  
Erika Lutin ◽  
Stephan Claes ◽  
Chris Van Hoof
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Study ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Over Time

Background Chronic stress is increasing in prevalence and is associated with several physical and mental disorders. Although it is proven that acute stress changes physiology, much less is known about the relationship between physiology and long-term stress. Continuous measurement of vital signs in daily life and chronic stress detection algorithms could serve this purpose. For this, it is paramount to model the effects of chronic stress on human physiology and include other cofounders, such as demographics, enabling the enrichment of a population-wide approach with individual variations. Objective The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of chronic stress on heart rate (HR) over time while correcting for weekdays versus weekends and to test a possible modulation effect by gender and age in a healthy cohort. Methods Throughout 2016 and 2017, healthy employees of technology companies were asked to participate in a 5-day observation stress study. They were required to wear two wearables, of which one included an electrocardiogram sensor. The derived HR was averaged per hour and served as an output for a mixed design model including a trigonometric fit over time with four harmonics (periods of 24, 12, 8, and 6 hours), gender, age, whether it was a workday or weekend day, and a chronic stress score derived from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) as predictors. Results The study included 328 subjects, of which 142 were female and 186 were male participants, with a mean age of 38.9 (SD 10.2) years and a mean PSS score of 13.7 (SD 6.0). As main effects, gender (χ21=24.02, P<.001); the hour of the day (χ21=73.22, P<.001); the circadian harmonic (χ22=284.4, P<.001); and the harmonic over 12 hours (χ22=242.1, P<.001), over 8 hours (χ22=23.78, P<.001), and over 6 hours (χ22=82.96, P<.001) had a significant effect on HR. Two three-way interaction effects were found. The interaction of age, whether it was a workday or weekend day, and the circadian harmonic over time were significantly correlated with HR (χ22=7.13, P=.03), as well as the interaction of gender, PSS score, and the circadian harmonic over time (χ22=7.59, P=.02). Conclusions The results show a relationship between HR and the three-way interaction of chronic stress, gender, and the circadian harmonic. The modulation by gender might be related to evolution-based energy utilization strategies, as suggested in related literature studies. More research, including daily cortisol assessment, longer recordings, and a wider population, should be performed to confirm this interpretation. This would enable the development of more complete and personalized models of chronic stress.

IMPAIRMENT OF THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL RESPONSE TO ACUTE STRESS IN ALLOXAN DIABETES

1967 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley D. Kraus ◽  
Andris Kaminskis ◽  
Richard Traystman
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Alloxan Diabetes ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Adrenal Response

ABSTRACT The adrenal ascorbic acid depletion parameter was used to determine the pituitary-adrenal response to acute stress, the adrenal responsiveness to exogenous corticotrophin (ACTH), and the pituitary ACTH reserve in alloxan diabetes. The pituitary-adrenal response to histamine (0.5 mg/100 g i. p.) 1 hour before sacrifice was significantly impaired in uncontrolled diabetes. Elimination of glycosuria by insulin administration (7 days) restored the response to normal though adrenal hyperplasia was still evident. The impaired stress response was not due to a decrease in the adrenal responsiveness or the pituitary ACTH reserve. The adrenal ascorbic acid depletion response to exogenous ACTH (measured against saline controls) was normal. Pituitary extracts of diabetic animals produced the same degree of adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in hypophysectomized animals as pituitary extracts of normal animals. The adrenal hyperactivity previously reported to exist in uncontrolled diabetes is accompanied by a decreased ability to release preformed ACTH in response to acute stress. The metabolic stress of diabetes resembles other chronic stressors which impair the secretory mechanism at the hypothalamo-hypophyseal level.

scholarly journals Stress as a risk factor in the development of brain stroke

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Antic ◽  
Branislav Petrovic ◽  
Natasa Rancic
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
The One

Introduction. In many developing countries and in countries in transition, an increased incidence of cerebrovascular disease has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of acute and chronic stress on the development of acute brain stroke and its relapse. Material and methods. The study included all recorded cases of cerebrovascular disease in the municipality of Doljevac in the period 2005-2007 (the stroke victims), and 230 healthy controls. By using the method of interview, the frequency of chronic stress situations was examined, as well as the occurrence of acute stress situations 24 hours prior to the acute brain stroke and its relapse. Results. In the group which consisted of stroke victims, a large number of subjects was found to have had an acute stress 24 hours prior to the onset of the disease, and the type of stress which proved to be statistically significant was the one which had been provoked by problems between family members (?2=4,03; p=0,04). All of the chronic stressors were more frequent in the group consisting of stroke victims than in the control group and among the statistically significant stressors were stressful situations in the family and at work. In recidivists, a greater presence of acute and chronic stressors was observed, but the statistical significance was not proved when this disease occurred again. Conclusion. The presence of acute stressors was found to have been more frequent in the group of stroke victims 24 hours prior to the on?set of the disease. The effect of acute and chronic stressors upon the brain stroke recidivism has not been statistically proved yet.

scholarly journals Wide exposure toCoxiella burnetiiin ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human–livestock–wildlife interface

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. CANDELA ◽  
A. CABALLOL ◽  
P. M. ATANCE
Keyword(s):  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Domestic Ruminant ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
La Mancha

SUMMARYAssessment of the role of wild and domestic hosts as potential reservoirs of misdiagnosed zoonoses, such as Q fever byCoxiella burnetii, is an important public health issue today both for wildlife conservation and management of disease in human–livestock–wildlife interface. This study used ELISA, an indirect antibody, to research (2003–2013)C. burnetiiinfection in seven free-living wild and domestic ruminant species and in European wildcats (Felis silvestris). The animals studied were 0 European wildcats, 21 Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 314 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 556 fallow deer (Dama dama), 211 European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), eight roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 407 bovines (Bos taurus) and 3739 sheep (Ovis aries). All the animals shared the same habitat in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park (Castile-La Mancha, Spain). The study area is an example of human–domestic–wildlife interface where people and domestic animals live in close proximity to wildlife. ObservedC. burnetiiseropositive frequencies were: 33·3% European wildcats, 23·8% Spanish ibex, 22·5% domestic sheep 1·5% red deer, 1·4% European mouflon, 0·24% cattle, 0·18% fallow deer and 0% roe deer. The study found a wideC. burnetiiprevalence of previous and present exposure in wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park and reports the first evidence ofC. burnetiiexposure in free-living European wildcats.

scholarly journals Lateral Hypothalamus Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor-1 Inhibition Modulates Stress- Induced Anxiety Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Eghtesad ◽  
◽  
Mahmoud Elahdadi Salmani ◽  
Taghi Lashkarbolouki ◽  
Iran Goudarzi1 ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Crh Receptor Type 1

Stress is a reaction to unwanted events disturbing body homeostasis which influences its pathways and target areas. Stress affects the brain through the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) orexinergic system that mediates the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) through CRH receptor type 1 (CRHr1). Therefore, this study explores the outcome of stress exposure on anxiety development and the involvement of the LHA through LHA-CRHr1. Male Wistar rats (220-250g) implanted with a cannula in either side of the LHA received acute or chronic stress. Subsequently, exploratory behavior and anxiety was examined using the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM), respectively. Prior to sacrifice, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood were sampled. Nissl stain was performed on fixed brain tissues. Acute stress resulted in a decrease of exploration in the OF and an increase of anxiety in the EPM. LHA-CRHr1 inhibition reversed the variables to increase the exploration and decrease the anxiety. In contrast, chronic stress did not show any effect on the anxiety-related behaviors. Chronic stress decreased the cell population in the LHA, which was prevented by the CRHr1 inhibition. However, the CRHr1 inhibition was unable to reverse the chronic stress increase of the CSF orexin level. Furthermore, both acute and chronic stresses increased the plasma corticosterone level and only the CRHr1 inhibition impeded the effect. Our results recognize LHA-CRHr1 as a capable candidate modulating acute stress-induced anxiety development and chronic stress-induced changes in the cellular population of the region.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Autonomic Response to Stressors—One Way to Expand the Definition of “Stress” in Animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Matt Gaidica ◽  
Ben Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Quantifying how whole organisms respond to challenges in the external and internal environment (“stressors”) is difficult. To date, physiological ecologists have mostly used measures of glucocorticoids (GCs) to assess the impact of stressors on animals. This is of course too simplistic as Hans Seyle himself characterized the response of organisms to “noxious stimuli” using multiple physiological responses. Possible solutions include increasing the number of biomarkers to more accurately characterize the “stress state” of animal or just measuring different biomarkers to more accurately characterize the degree of acute or chronic stressors an animal is experiencing. We focus on the latter and discuss how heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) may be better predictors of the degree of activation of the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and complement or even replace measures of GCs as indicators of animal health, welfare, fitness, or their level of exposure to stressors. The miniaturization of biological sensor technology (“bio-sensors” or “bio-loggers”) presents an opportunity to reassess measures of stress state and develop new approaches. We describe some modern approaches to gathering these HR and HRV data in free-living animals with the aim that heart dynamics will be more integrated with measures of GCs as bio-markers of stress state and predictors of fitness in free-living animals.

Oxytocin and prolactin suppress cortisol responses to acute stress in both lactating and non-lactating sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN J. COOK
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Stress Indicator ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Cortisol response to stress appears to differ between lactating and non- lactating animals. Lactating (14 d post partum) and non-lactating sheep were fitted with probes so that drugs and hormones could be infused directly into the posterior pituitary and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The animals were also fitted with instruments to allow monitoring of heart rate, body temperature and blood cortisol levels. Their reactions to a source of acute stress (a barking dog) were then followed, with or without drug and hormone manipulation. Results in both lactating and non-lactating animals indicated shortcomings in the use of cortisol as a stress indicator. Infusing prolactin and oxytocin into either the posterior pituitary or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus suppressed cortisol responsiveness to stress in both lactating and non-lactating animals (the latter to a greater extent). In the absence of drugs, lactating animals had a slightly higher basal level of cortisol and a lower cortisol response to stress than their non-lactating counterparts. Despite suppression of cortisol responses, with or without drugs, other indicators of stress still changed with the presence of a barking dog, suggesting the complexity of control involved in stress responses.

scholarly journals Quantifying the autonomic response to stressors – one way to expand the definition of "stress" in animals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Gaidica ◽  
Ben Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Quantifying the impact of changes or stimuli in the external and internal environment that are challenging (“stressors”) to whole organisms is difficult. To date, physiological ecologists and ecological physiologists have mostly used measures of glucocorticoids (GCs) to assess the impact of stressors on animals. This is of course too simplistic as Hans Seyle himself characterized the response of organisms to “noxious stimuli” using multiple physiological responses. Possible solutions include increasing the number of biomarkers to more accurately characterize the “stress state” of animal or just measuring different biomarkers to more accurately characterize the degree of acute or chronic stressors an animal is experiencing. We focus on the latter and discuss how heart rate (HR) heart rate variability (HRV) may be better predictors of the degree of activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system and complement or even replace measures of GCs as indicators of animal health, welfare, fitness, or their level of exposure to stressors. The miniaturization of biological sensor technology (“bio-sensors” or “bio-loggers”) presents an opportunity to reassess measures of stress and develop new approaches. We describe some modern approaches to gathering these HR and HRV data in free-living animals with the aim that heart dynamics will be more integrated with measures of GCs as bio-markers of stress and predictors of fitness in free-living animals.

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