Body composition and nutrient reserves of arctic caribou

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Gerhart ◽  
R. G. White ◽  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
D. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Adult Females

We determined seasonal changes in body mass and composition of arctic caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in relation to age and reproductive status. Chemical composition was determined for 37 caribou calves from the Central Arctic Herd ranging from 1 to 134 days of age and for 15 adult females collected from the same herd in October, May, and July. Body composition of 5 fetuses from the Central Arctic Herd, 13 calves from the Porcupine Herd, and 10 captive male reindeer (R. t. tarandus) was determined for comparison. Between October 1989 and May 1990, body fat and protein of adult females declined by maxima of 45 and 29%, respectively; an additional 32% of fat was lost between May and July. Mobilization of large amounts of fat and protein suggests winter undernutrition. Chemical composition and growth patterns of calves did not differ between the herds. The growth rate of Central Arctic Herd calves was high during the first 28 d post partum (402 g/d), but both growth rate and fatness declined between 4 and 6 weeks of age (to 306 and −18.3 g/d, respectively), perhaps in response to insect harassment. Birth masses of males and females did not differ, but by autumn, male calves were 9.1 kg heavier than females. Chemical components (water, fat, protein, ash) were highly correlated with body mass, ingesta-free body mass, and carcass mass. Percentages of fat and water were inversely related, but the intercept decreased with age. Marked seasonal hypertrophy of liver and kidneys was noted in caribou, suggesting the presence of mobilizable protein reserves. Seasonal changes in organ masses may also reflect variations in metabolic activity and nutrient intake.

Seasonal changes in body mass and body composition of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) on Svalbard

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Ryg ◽  
Thomas G. Smith ◽  
Nils Are Øritsland
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Phoca Hispida ◽  
Core Mass ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Ringed Seals ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Body Mass Changes

Seasonal changes in body mass and body composition of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Svalbard Islands are described. The blubber content of adult females decreased from a high of about 50% at the beginning of the pupping season in March–April to a low of 31% during moulting in June. In adult males, the blubber content decreased from 41% in March to 29% in June. By estimating an individual seal's body mass by 1 April from its standard body length, we calculated an average daily loss of body mass of 160 g/day in adult females and 100 g/day in adult males from the start of lactation to the middle of moulting. The blubber content of sexually immature seals was less in June and July than in April, but the seasonal changes were smaller than in adult seals. We found no evidence of significant changes in core mass in adult seals, and suggest that the seasonal body mass changes are mostly due to changes in body fat content.

The effects of feeding frequencies on seasonal changes in growth rate and chemical composition of farmed cod (Gadus morhua)

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. SOLBERG ◽  
L. WILLUMSEN ◽  
S. AMBLE ◽  
T. JOHANESSEN ◽  
H. SVEIER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Gadus Morhua

Seasonal changes in body composition of mature female caribou and calves (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) on an arctic island with limited winter resources

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1149-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
C. C. Gates ◽  
R. J. Hudson ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Groenlandicus

Twelve collections of mature female caribou and calves (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) were conducted between June 1982 and June 1984 on Coats Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, to study seasonal changes in body composition in this winter mortality limited population. Mature females depleted reserves of dissectible fat and muscle considerably during both winters of the study, particularly the second, when nearly all dissectible fat and 32% of estimated fall muscle mass were lost. Recovery of fat and muscle was rapid during the two summers, because of good quality forage and little environmental disturbance. Lactation appeared to slow fattening in early summer 1983, but by October females achieved fatness similar to that in 1982, when a majority of females in summer and fall were nonlactating. Low rumen fill and consistently high fat and muscle levels in fall 1982 and 1983 suggested that mature females then approached "set points" in body fat and muscle content. Calves grew rapidly in summer; most of this growth was lean tissue, and their losses of body fat and muscle were severe during winter. Mature females and calves increased rumen fill substantially over winter to compensate for highly fibrous food. This made total body weight a much poorer predictor of condition than carcass weight. The liver, kidneys, and empty rumen were heaviest in summer in response to high forage quality. Poor condition of females was associated with light fetuses in May 1984.

scholarly journals Body size of female calves and natality rates of known-aged females in two adjacent Alaskan caribou herds, and implications for management

Rangifer ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Valkenburg ◽  
Robert W. Tobey ◽  
Robert W. Tobey ◽  
Bruce W. Dale ◽  
Bruce W. Dale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Real Option ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Natality Rate

We studied body mass of female calves and natality rate of adult females in two adjacent Interior Alaskan caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herds during 1991-2001. Mass of newborn calves was similar in both herds, but Delta calves gained significantly more mass over summer than Nelchina calves. In contrast, Nelchina calves consistently maintained their mass during winter while Delta calves lost mass. Metatarsus length was similar in both herds in 4-month-old and 10-month-old calves, and it increased over winter in both herds. Natality rates of females >3 years old were consistently higher in the Delta Herd than in the Nelchina Herd, primarily because natality in 3- to 5-year-old Nelchina females was low. Although body mass of Delta Herd calves consistently declined over winter, we concluded that nutrition was not significantly limiting herd growth. Managers are more likely to maximize harvest by maintaining the Delta Herd near its present size (i.e., 3500), or allowing it to increase only slightly. The only real option for increasing harvestable surpluses of caribou in the Delta Herd is reducing predation during calving and summer. In contrast, we conclude that summer nutrition significantly limits potential population growth and body mass in the Nelchina Herd, and managers are more likely to maximize harvest by maintaining herd size at or below 30 000 than by allowing the herd to grow to near historical highs (i.e., 60 000-70 000).

Effect of growth rate to finishing on in vivo composition and muscularity traits in lambs

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
N. R. Lambe ◽  
E. Navajas ◽  
L. Bünger ◽  
K. McLean ◽  
G. Simm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Preliminary Study

The amount and distribution of different body tissues changes as lambs grow and mature. Ratios of muscle to bone and of fat to muscle increase with growth post-weaning, as does muscularity (Jones et al., 2002), with the rate of change differing between breeds. Growth patterns have also been found to affect carcass composition (e.g. Thatcher and Gaunt, 1992). This preliminary study investigated the effects of growth rate on in vivo body composition and shape measurements and their relationships, in two contrasting breeds of lambs.

Body composition of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and its estimation from condition index and mass measurements

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
P. F. Flood ◽  
A. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Ovibos Moschatus ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
Victoria Island ◽  
The Masses

We used data on the anatomical and chemical body composition of 22 muskoxen (7 adult females, 6 subadult females, 2 yearlings, 5 calves, and 2 near-term fetuses) from Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, to evaluate basic patterns of body composition and allometric growth in this species and to assess methods of estimating body composition from mass and index measurements. Ingesta-free body mass (IFBM) ranged from 9 kg in the 2 fetuses to 150 kg in the largest cow, and fatness from 2.0% of IFBM in a newborn calf to 29.0% in a mature cow. The proportion of fat increased most rapidly in muskoxen with IFBM ≥ 100 kg. In the fatter females, about 33% of the fat was intermuscular, 27% subcutaneous, 20% abdominal, and 13% intramuscular. In muskoxen ≥ 3 years old, ingesta accounted for 26.8 ± 1.1% of body mass and pelage for 4–4.5% of IFBM. Muscle mass was best estimated from masses of individual muscles, protein mass from IFBM, bone mass from the masses of limb bones, and ash mass from IFBM. Dissectible and total fat masses were less predictable, and were best estimated by multiple regressions combining kidney fat mass and a measure of body mass with up to three other measurements. Body composition and fat distribution in muskoxen were similar to those in cattle and sheep and the extent of fattening exceeded that reported in wild ruminants except for Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).

PASTURE FOR YOUNG DAIRY STOCK: III. EFFECT OF PREPASTURE RATION, AGE, AND GRAIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH OF CALVES ON PASTURE

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Winter ◽  
V. S. Logan ◽  
Vern Miles ◽  
W. J. Pigden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Treatment Comparisons

The growth of pastured calves, as affected by supplementary grain feeding, moderate and high prepasture planes of nutrition, and age on going to pasture (56, 112, or 168 days), was compared with growth of calves on a standard barn feeding regime. Seventy-two Holstein heifer calves were involved with treatment comparisons based on gains in body weight, withers height, heart girth, and barrel circumference.Over-all gains of pastured calves were not affected by either prepasture plane of nutrition or age to pasture and were similar to gains of barn-fed controls. Calves fed supplemental grain (crushed oats) showed no increase m growth rate. This was attributed to a lower intake of forage by the supplemented animals and the relatively high quality of the forage as indicated by chemical composition and digestibility.Seasonal growth patterns of pastured calves showed a depression during the initial period on pasture. However, this was overcome by greater gains than barn-fed controls during the later pasture periods.

scholarly journals Chemical characterisation of potential pheromones from the shoulder gland of the Northern yellow-shouldered-bat, Sturnira parvidens (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7734
Author(s):  
Chris G. Faulkes ◽  
J. Stephen Elmore ◽  
David A. Baines ◽  
Brock Fenton ◽  
Nancy B. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Juvenile Males

Bats of the genus Sturnira (Family Phyllostomidae) are characterised by shoulder glands that are more developed in reproductively mature adult males. The glands produce a waxy secretion that accumulates on the fur around the gland, dyeing the fur a dark colour and giving off a pungent odour. These shoulder glands are thought to play a role in their reproductive behaviour. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we analysed solvent extracts of fur surrounding the shoulder gland in the northern-shouldered bat, Sturnira parvidens to (i) characterise the chemical composition of shoulder gland secretions for the first time, and (ii) look for differences in chemical composition among and between adult males, sub-adult/juvenile males and adult females. Fur solvent extracts were analysed as liquids and also further extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction to identify volatile components in the odour itself. Odour fingerprint analysis using non-metric multidimensional scaling plots and multivariate analysis revealed clear and significant differences (P < 0.001) between adult males vs both juvenile males and adult females. The chemical components of the shoulder gland secretion included terpenes and phenolics, together with alcohols and esters, most likely derived from the frugivorous diet of the bat. Many of the compounds identified were found exclusively or in elevated quantities among adult (reproductive) males compared with adult females and non-reproductive (juvenile) males. This strongly suggests a specific role in male–female attraction although a function in male–male competition and/or species recognition is also possible.

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