scholarly journals Half-a-century of gamma-ray astrophysics at the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Schönfelder ◽  
Jochen Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Gamma Ray Astronomy ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of

AbstractGamma-ray astronomy has been one of the prime scientific research fields of the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) from its beginning. Over the years, the entire gamma-ray energy range accessible from space was explored. The purpose of this review article is to summarise the achievements of the gamma-ray group at MPE during the last 50+ years. This covers a substantial part of the general history of space-based gamma-ray astronomy, for which both, general review articles (e.g. Pinkau in Exp Astron 5: 157, 2009; Schönfelder in AN 323: 524, 2002; Trimble in AIP Conf Proc 304: 40, 1994) and a detailed tabular list of events and missions (Leonard and Gehrels in https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/history, version 1.0.8, 2009), have been compiled. Here, we describe the gamma-ray activities at MPE from the beginning till the present, reviewing the tight interplay between new technological developments towards new instruments and scientific progress in understanding gamma-ray sources in the sky. This covers (i) the early development of instruments and their tests on half a dozen balloon flights, (ii) the involvement in the most important space missions at the time, i.e. ESA’s COS-B satellite, NASA’s Compton Gamma-ray Observatory and Fermi Space Telescope, as well as ESA’s INTEGRAL observatory, (iii) the participation in several other missions such as TD-1, Solar Maximum Mission, or Ulysses, and (iv) the complementary ground-based optical instruments OPTIMA and GROND to enhance selected science topics (pulsars, gamma-ray bursts). With the gradual running-out of institutional support since 2010, gamma-ray astrophysics as a main research field has now come to an end at MPE.

Structure-Bioactivity Relationship Study of Xanthene Derivatives: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1071-1077
Author(s):  
Aref G. Ghahsare ◽  
Zahra S. Nazifi ◽  
Seyed M.R. Nazifi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cyclic Compound ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Xanthene Derivatives ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Heterocyclic Derivatives

: Over the last decades, several heterocyclic derivatives compounds have been synthesized or extracted from natural resources and have been tested for their pharmaceutical activities. Xanthene is one of these heterocyclic derivatives. These compounds consist of an oxygen-containing central heterocyclic structure with two more cyclic structures fused to the central cyclic compound. It has been shown that xanthane derivatives are bioactive compounds with diverse activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory as well as therapeutic effects on diabetes and Alzheimer. The anti-cancer activity of such compounds has been one of the main research fields in pharmaceutical chemistry. Due to this diverse biological activity, xanthene core derivatives are still an attractive research field for both academia and industry. This review addresses the current finding on the biological activities of xanthene derivatives and discussed in detail some aspects of their structure-activity relationship (SAR).

ISRAELI STUDIES AT THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: PAGES OF HISTORY (THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Karasova ◽  
◽  
Andrey V. Fedorchenko ◽  
Dmitry A. Maryasis ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The article presents a historical overview of Israeli studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the first two decades of the 21st century. The paper demonstrates the main research fields and publications of the Department for the Study of Israel and Jewish Communities, as well as the list of its heads and research fellows. The article shows how, having successfully overcome the difficulties of the 1990s that were rather hard on Russian Academy as a whole, the staff of the Israeli Studies Department in their numerous publications, speeches at Russian and international academic forums tried to respond to the new challenges in a scholarly way. In the 2000s the number of works published on the history of relations between the USSR / Russia and Israel increased, and this trend continued in subsequent years. Access to the archives for the first time made it possible to analyze the formation and development of Soviet-Israeli relations before the break (in 1953). The department expanded the directions of its academic activity. Its topics included such directions as the study of the collective memory of Jews in modern Russia, cultural identity, cultural memory, religious and secular identity of Russian Jews, attitude towards disability and people with disabilities, study of youth communities in Israel, Russia and Europe, the impact of the US-Israeli relations on the US Jewish community. Development of basic methodology for researching the state of Jewish charity in Moscow was one of the new tasks for the fellows of the Department to solve. The novelty of the tasks also included new methodology of researching the economic and socio-political development of Israel using social networks data. The Department continued to study all aspects of the life of the State of Israel — economic, socio-political and cultural processes developing in the Israeli state, including new features in regional policy and the concept of Israeli security. At present, members of the department’s, in addition to their current activities, are implementing a number of promising projects aimed at strengthening the department’s position as the leading center of Israeli studies in the post-Soviet space.

The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
History Of

Deliberative democracy has been the main game in contemporary political theory for two decades and has grown enormously in size and importance in political science and many other disciplines, and in political practice. The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy takes stock of deliberative democracy as a research field, as well as exploring and creating links with multiple disciplines and policy practice around the globe. It provides a concise history of deliberative ideals in political thought while also discussing their philosophical origins. It locates deliberation in a political system with different spaces, publics, and venues, including parliament and courts but also governance networks, protests, mini-publics, old and new media, and everyday talk. It documents the intersections of deliberative ideals with contemporary political theory, involving epistemology, representation, constitutionalism, justice, and multiculturalism. It explores the intersections of deliberative democracy with major research fields in the social sciences and law, including social and rational choice theory, communications, psychology, sociology, international relations, framing approaches, policy analysis, planning, democratization, and methodology. It engages with practical applications, mapping deliberation as a reform movement and as a device for conflict resolution. It documents the practice and study of deliberative democracy around the world, in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Europe, and global governance. And it provides reflections on the field by pioneering thinkers.

scholarly journals Review and Prospect of Financial Geography Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Geography ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Financial Geography

 As an important branch of economic geography, financial geography has important significance for maintaining the stable operation of the financial industry and thus promoting social and economic development. Based on the perspective of geography, we first combed the development history and main research fields of international financial geography. According to the differences of mainstream research methods in a specific period, the development process can be divided into three stages: germination, political economics and economic geography. With the help of literature measurement analysis, the international financial geography research is divided into the classic research field focusing on the financial center, the spatial evolution of financial subjects, the financial network and regional interaction, and the emerging research fields with different scales of financialization. Then it summarizes the progress of China’s financial geography research. Although China’s financial geography started late, there is still a gap between the breadth and depth of research compared to foreign countries, but its institutional background is different from the Western institutional background. It provides a diversified explanation for its own specific financial landscape. Finally, combined with the development status of financial geography at home and abroad, the research prospects of this discipline are prospected.

scholarly journals Scientometric analysis of COVID-19 studies: how the velocity of science leads to discoveries and new technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Coccia
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Short Period ◽  
New Research ◽  
Dynamics Of Science

Abstract Scholars argue that the ‘‘science of science’’ studies have to investigate the critical role of exogenous events in the emergence of new research fields. The goal of this study is to analyze and explain the birth and growth of new research fields driven by exogenous event to science, such as COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) global pandemic crisis. This study here analyzes how the novel research field of COVID-19 emerges, in a comparative analysis with other scientific fields concerning respiratory illnesses (e.g., Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD and Lung Cancer), to explain factors determining the unique dynamics of science that is generating scientific breakthroughs in a short period of time. The origin and evolution of the research field of COVID-19 reveal that has an acceleration of scientific production equal to a growth of 1.71% daily in 2020, laying the foundations for science advances and a likely paradigm shift in the treatment of infectious diseases with novel mRNA vaccines. Main results are generalized in properties that clarify the dynamics of science and explain the characteristics that generate the origin and evolution of new research fields driven by unforeseen crises with critical implications for technological and social change directed scientific progress of human societies.

scholarly journals 35 Years of Ground-Based Gamma-ray Astronomy

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Paula Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Gamma Ray Astronomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe

This paper provides a brief, personal account of the development of ground-based gamma-ray astronomy, primarily over the last 35 years, with some digressions into the earlier history of the field. Ideas related to the imaging of Cherenkov events and the potential for the use of arrays were in existence for some time before the technical expertise required for their exploitation emerged. There has been occasional controversy, great creativity and some heroic determination—all of it part of establishing a new window into the universe.

Learning Analytics

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-72
Author(s):  
Libor Juhaňák ◽  
Jiří Zounek
Keyword(s):  
Learning Analytics ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
New Research ◽  
Further Development

The goal of this chapter is to present and describe a relatively new research field, known as learning analytics, which focuses on use of a wide spectrum of analytical methods and techniques to analyze data coming from educational contexts. The first part of the chapter focuses on the historical context of analytics in education and introduces several research fields that participated in the creation and formation of learning analytics. At the same time, the development of learning analytics and basic related concepts are described in more detail. In the second part, the authors provide an overview of the main research fields and topics within learning analytics, including an overview of commonly used analytical instruments and systems. The final part of the chapter then focuses on challenges currently faced by the field of learning analytics, as well as on opportunities for further development and research within learning analytics in the upcoming years, which are now under development.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH WITHIN THE 100-YEAR HISTORY OF NWDFGMRI RAS: MILESTONES, TRENDS AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
С.В. ТЕРЕБОВА ◽  
Н.И. АБРАМОВА ◽  
И.В. ГУСАРОВ ◽  
В.В. ВАХРУШЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Main Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning

Сельскохозяйственное производство страны определяет условия поддержания жизнедеятельности общества и потому имеет особое значение. При этом обеспечение продовольственной безопасности страны невозможно без внедрения в отрасли достижений научно-технического прогресса. Огромная роль в этом принадлежит профильным научным учреждениям, в числе которых Северо-Западный научно-исследовательский институт молочного и лугопастбищного хозяйства — обособленное подразделение ФГБУН «Вологодский научный центр РАН». В 2021 году институт отмечает 100-летний юбилей. Цель статьи — показать вклад и значение аграрных исследований института в развитие отечественной сельскохозяйственной науки и совершенствование технологий сельскохозяйственного производства. В публикации представлен ретроспективный взгляд на становление аграрных исследований в СЗНИИМЛПХ, основы которых были заложены в начале ХХ века и продолжают совершенствоваться по сегодняшний день. Дано краткое описание основных исторических этапов формирования и преобразований института. Показан вклад выдающихся ученых в его становление, ключевая роль среди которых принадлежит Алексею Степановичу Емельянову, руководившему институтом почти 50 лет. Дана информация об основных направлениях исследований СЗНИИМЛПХ. Раскрываются перспективы развития его в современных условиях. Изложены наиболее значимые достижения сотрудников. National agricultural production defines the conditions for the society to maintain its existence and therefore is especially important. However, the providing of national food security is dependent on advances in agriculture brought by scientific progress and technological change. A crucial role in this process is played by sectoral scientific institutions including the Northwestern Dairy Farming and Grassland Management Research Institute — Detached Unit of FSBIS «Vologodskiy Scientific Center of the RAS». In 2021 the institute celebrates its 100th anniversary. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the contribution and the significance of the institute's agricultural studies to the development of the national agricultural science and the improvement of agricultural production technologies. The paper presents a retrospective view on the formation of the agricultural studies at NWDFGMRI. Their framework was established in the beginning of the 20th century, and even today it still continues improving. The authors briefly describe the milestones of the history of the institute in respect of its creation and transformations. They also demonstrate the contribution of the eminent scientists to its formation and the key role of Alexey Stepanovich Yemelyanov who was the head of the institute for almost 50 years. In addition, the article describes the main research directions of NWDFGMRI, discusses the  prospects of its development in the modern conditions and reports the most significant achievements of the researchers.

scholarly journals Between pottery and politics? “Slavic archaeology” in communist Poland and East Germany and its interrelations with politics and ideology. A biographical-comparative approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 287-326
Author(s):  
Anne Kluger
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
East German ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
The Cold War

Despite the previous overview studies on Polish and East German archaeology and historiography after 1945, further analyses of the relationship between science and politics as well as of the inner-disciplinary processes and discourses in the “Cold War” period are still needed. This applies in particular to the research field of “Slavic archaeology”, the archaeological and historiographical research on the “Slavs” in prehistorical and early medieval times. With regard to recent demands for an extended and more dynamic understanding of science and new methodological approaches in the history of science (and of archaeology as well), this paper focuses on two leading figures of “Slavic archaeology”, Witold Hensel (PPR) and Joachim Herrmann (GDR), as case studies to provide more insights into this discipline.   Analysing the course of Hensel’s and Herrmann’s careers and of their way to the “Slavs” as one of their main research interests, their administrative functions as institutional directors and the central narratives of their publications on the early “Slavs”, provides the opportunity to profoundly dissect the interrelations between scholarly work, politics, and ideology in this field of research. The comparative approach also makes it possible to identify parallel tendencies in Eastern German and Polish “Slavic archaeology” as well as specific national conditions and developments. On the example of Hensel and Herrmann, it becomes clear that the implemented biographical-comparative perspective is fruitful and can be used for further research in the history of science.

scholarly journals Laue Gamma-Ray Lenses for Space Astrophysics: Status and Prospects

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Frontera ◽  
Peter von Ballmoos
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Gamma Ray Astronomy ◽  
Technological Developments

We review feasibility studies, technological developments, and the astrophysical prospects for Laue lenses devoted to hard X-/gamma-ray astronomy observations.

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