Gut and Brain Effects of American Ginseng Root on Brainstem Neuronal Activities in Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan ◽  
Ji An Wu ◽  
Tasha Lowell ◽  
Maojian Gu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Unitary Activity ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
Rat Brainstem

Brainstem neurons receiving subdiaphragmatic vagal inputs were recorded in an in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-gastric preparation. Aqueous extracts of American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium L.) were applied to the gastric compartment or the brainstem compartment of the bath chamber to evaluate the peripheral gut and central brain effects of the extracts on brainstem unitary activity. After Panax quinquefolium L. application to the gastric or brainstem compartment, a concentration-related inhibition in neuronal discharge frequency in the brainstem unitary activity was observed, suggesting that Panax quinquefolium L. may play an important role in regulating the digestive process and modulating brain function. In this study, pharmacological effects of American-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. and Chinese-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. were also compared. Our results suggest that American-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. possesses a significantly stronger gastric modulating effect on brain neuronal activity.

Caffeine Abolishes TrkB Receptor‐Dependent Respiratory‐Related Spinal Motor Facilitation in Isolated Neonatal Rat Brainstem‐Spinal Cords In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Johnson ◽  
Ranveer M.S. Vasdev ◽  
Mckayla M. Miller ◽  
Tracy L. Baker ◽  
Jyoti J. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Trkb Receptor ◽  
Spinal Motor ◽  
Rat Brainstem

Potential role for imidazole in the rhythmic respiratory activity of the in vitro neonatal rat brainstem

1998 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L Krause ◽  
Homayoun Kazemi ◽  
Melvin D Burton
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Rat Brainstem

scholarly journals Ginsenoside and phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts of American ginseng cell cultures and their antioxidant properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Kochan ◽  
Grażyna Szymańska ◽  
Izabela Grzegorczy-Karolak ◽  
Piotr Szymczyk ◽  
Monika Sienkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Callus Line ◽  
Antioxidant Power

The present study was performed to investigate the antioxidant properties of callus and suspension culture extracts of <em>Panax quinquefolium</em> (American ginseng). The ginsenoside content and the total phenolic content (TPC) in these cultures were also examined. The total amount of the nine studied saponins was found to be 2.08, 1.69, and 0.202 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight in red callus line (RCL), green callus line (GCL), and suspension cultures, respectively, by HPLC analysis. The TPC was estimated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The TPC of the suspension culture extracts was approximately 36.7% and 17.6% higher than that of the RCL and GCL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the in vitro ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays; the methanolic <em>P. quinquefolium</em> suspension culture extracts demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity than that of the callus cultures.

Panax Quinquefolium L. Inhibits Thrombin-Induced Endothelin Release In Vitro

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan ◽  
Anoja S. Attele ◽  
Ji An Wu ◽  
Tasha K. Lowell ◽  
Zhenlun Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium

Endothelial cell damage is considered to be the initial step in the genesis of thrombosis and arteriosclerosis, the common precursors of cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of American ginseng or Panax quinquefolium L. extracts on endothelial cell injury, and investigated effects of ginseng extracts on thrombin-induced endothelin release using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We observed that when endothelial cells pretreated with 1, 10, and 100 μg/ml of Panax quinquefolium L. extracts were incubated for 4 and 24 hr with thrombin, the concentration of endothelin was significantly decreased in a concentration dependent, time related manner (at 4 hr, IC50 = 5.1 μg/ml; at 24 hr, IC50 = 6.2 μg/ml). We further evaluated the effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine (NLA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthetase inhibitor, on the activity of Panax quinquefolium L. extracts. Following pretreatment of cultured endothelial cells with NLA, the inhibition of thrombin-induced endothelin release by Panax quinquefolium L. was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). This result suggests that the pharmacological action of Panax quinquefolium L. is, at least partially, due to NO release. Our data demonstrate that American ginseng may play a therapeutic role in facilitating the hemodynamic balance of vascular endothelial cells.

Chlamydospores of Phytophthora cactorum: their production, structure, and infectivity

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Darmono ◽  
J. L. Parke
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum

Chlamydospores of Phytophthora cactorum are described and compared with oogonia and sporangia. Chlamydospores (average diameter 39.7 μm) were generally larger than either oogonia or sporangia, were usually produced terminally on long supporting hyphae and had single, two-layered walls. They were readily formed in vitro in V8 juice broth supplemented with 2 g L−1 CaCO3 after incubation for 20 days at 4 °C. No chlamydospores were produced at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 32 °C, but chlamydospores sometimes developed at 24 and 28 °C. Chlamydospores also formed on mycelial mats buried in pasteurized potting mix after incubation for 20 days at 4 °C. Germination of chlamydospores after freezing at −23 °C for 24 h was 60–80%. Chlamydospores prepared in this way were infectious to American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seedlings. All 11 isolates of P. cactorum examined produced chlamydospores. Key words: Phytophthora cactorum, chlamydospores, temperature, ginseng, Panax quinquefolium.

scholarly journals Inflorescence Removal Affects Root Yield of American Ginseng

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T.A. Proctor ◽  
David C. Percival ◽  
Dean Louttit
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Root Size

Manual removal of inflorescences from mature (3- and 4-year-old) American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) at commercial timing (early July, ≈25% flowers open) increased root yield at harvest. Consecutive inflorescence removal for 2 years (third and fourth) increased yield 55.6%. Inflorescence removal in 4-year-old plants increased yield by 34.7% compared with 26.1% in 3-year-old plants. Analysis showed that the largest portion of roots (≈40%) was in the medium category (10-20 g), and inflorescence removal did not influence root size distribution. Root yield for 3-year-old plants increased quadratically with plant density, with plants lacking inflorescences having an estimated yield increase of 25%. Maximum yields of 2.4 kg·m-2 for deflowered plants were achieved at a plant density of 170 plants/m2. To maximize ginseng root yield, all plants except those needed to provide seed for future plantings should have inflorescences removed.

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