scholarly journals Inflorescence Removal Affects Root Yield of American Ginseng

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T.A. Proctor ◽  
David C. Percival ◽  
Dean Louttit
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Root Size

Manual removal of inflorescences from mature (3- and 4-year-old) American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) at commercial timing (early July, ≈25% flowers open) increased root yield at harvest. Consecutive inflorescence removal for 2 years (third and fourth) increased yield 55.6%. Inflorescence removal in 4-year-old plants increased yield by 34.7% compared with 26.1% in 3-year-old plants. Analysis showed that the largest portion of roots (≈40%) was in the medium category (10-20 g), and inflorescence removal did not influence root size distribution. Root yield for 3-year-old plants increased quadratically with plant density, with plants lacking inflorescences having an estimated yield increase of 25%. Maximum yields of 2.4 kg·m-2 for deflowered plants were achieved at a plant density of 170 plants/m2. To maximize ginseng root yield, all plants except those needed to provide seed for future plantings should have inflorescences removed.

Inflorescence Removal Effects on Root Yield of American Ginseng (Panax quiquefolium L.)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481c-481
Author(s):  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.C. Percival ◽  
D. Louttit
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Perennial Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Root Size

American ginseng is a perennial herbaceous plant grown for its fleshy root and seeds. Little is known about fruit set and development in ginseng. In commercial practice a small proportion of 2-year-old plants may bear flowers and seed but these seeds usually are not harvested. Seeds from 3-year-old plants are harvested and used for establishing plantings, but seed from 4-year-old plants, if available, are preferred. Some growers remove flowers manually from plants in June at an estimated cost of $2500 per ha and claim higher root yields. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of inflorescence removal in 1 or 2 years on root yield. Manual removal of inflorescences from mature (3-and 4-year old) American ginseng plants at commercial timing (early July, ≈25% flowers open) increased root yield at harvest compared to plants where the inflorescences were retained. Consecutive inflorescence removal for 2 years (3rd and 4th) increased yields 55.6% compared to 34.4% for removal in one year only (4th). Root size distribution analysis showed that most roots (≈40%) were in the medium category (10–20g): inflorescence removal did not influence root size distribution. Root yield for 3-year-old plants increased quadratically with plant density with plants lacking inflorescences having an estimated yield increase of 25%. Maximum yields of 2.4 kg·m–2 for deflowered plants were suggested at a plant density of 170 plants/m2. To maximize ginseng root yield all plants should have inflorescences removed except those needed to provide seed for future plantings.

The Effects of Plant Density, Spatial Arrangement and Time of Harvest on Yield and Root Size in Carrots

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Salter ◽  
I. E. Currah ◽  
Jane R. Fellows
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Arrangement ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Time Of Harvest

SUMMARYFour experiments were carried out over a 2-year period to investigate the effect of plant density and spatial arrangement and the time of lifting on yield and root size of carrots. Plant arrangement was varied by growing the plants in 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 10-row systems in beds with rows 12–5 and 37–5 cm apart. With each row arrangement crops were grown at target densities of 108, 323 and 537 plants/ma. There were three times of harvest. Total root yield was not significantly affected by plant arrangement or, in three out of the four experiments, by plant density but yields progressively increased with later harvests at all density levels. Yields of canning-size roots (20–30 mm diameter) were influenced by plant density and time of harvest and there were highly significant interactions between these variables on canning root yields. Highest absolute yields were obtained from the latest harvests from the medium and high plant density treatments; with the lowest density treatments the highest yields of canners were obtained from the earliest harvests. Mean root weight was significantly affected by plant density and harvest time. Row system effects on mean root weight were shown to be largely accounted for by differences in percentage seedling emergence and hence the plant density obtained under the different row system treatments and a possible reason for this effect is discussed. The relationship between mean root weight and plant density was not affected by the pattern of plant arrangement in these experiments. Total root yields were shown to be related to cumulative potential evapotranspiration from sowing rather than to chronological time. It is concluded that with the range of row systems used in these experiments, row spacing had little effect on root yield but confirmed previous work that plant density and time of harvest were the most important variables controlling mean root size and hence the yield of roots of any particular size grade.

Gut and Brain Effects of American Ginseng Root on Brainstem Neuronal Activities in Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan ◽  
Ji An Wu ◽  
Tasha Lowell ◽  
Maojian Gu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Unitary Activity ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
Rat Brainstem

Brainstem neurons receiving subdiaphragmatic vagal inputs were recorded in an in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-gastric preparation. Aqueous extracts of American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium L.) were applied to the gastric compartment or the brainstem compartment of the bath chamber to evaluate the peripheral gut and central brain effects of the extracts on brainstem unitary activity. After Panax quinquefolium L. application to the gastric or brainstem compartment, a concentration-related inhibition in neuronal discharge frequency in the brainstem unitary activity was observed, suggesting that Panax quinquefolium L. may play an important role in regulating the digestive process and modulating brain function. In this study, pharmacological effects of American-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. and Chinese-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. were also compared. Our results suggest that American-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. possesses a significantly stronger gastric modulating effect on brain neuronal activity.

Extraction of Ginsenosides from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Root

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianming Dai ◽  
Valerie Orsat
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Extraction Rate ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Sample Ratio ◽  
Selection Of

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was compared with room temperature extraction (RTE) and reflux temperature extraction (RFX) on the extraction of ginsenosides from fresh American ginseng root. The influence of various factors, i.e. extraction method, solvent type, solvent to sample ratio, extraction time, and the size of sample particles on the extraction of ginsenosides Re, mRb1, Rb1 and total ginsenosides was studied. An 86 to 300% increase in extraction rate was observed with extraction under raised temperature in the microwave. Using microwave energy instead of hotplate-heating for the extraction resulted in a 31 to 96% increase in extraction rate. Visual analysis of the chromatograms of extracts can help the selection of extracting conditions for selectively obtaining specific ginsenosides enriched extracts.

Further studies on the effects of plant density, spatial arrangement and time of harvest on yield and root size in carrots

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Salter ◽  
I. B. Currah ◽  
Jane R. Fellows
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Plant Arrangement ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Time Of Harvest

SummaryThree experiments were carried out over a 2-year period to study the effect of plant density and spatial arrangement and the time of lifting on yield and root size of carrots. Plant density treatments ranged from 108 to 1553 plants/m2 and plant arrangement was varied by growing the plants in 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 10-, 18- and 36-row systems within a 152 cm bed; there were either two or three harvests in each experiment.Total plant fresh weight, total root yield and mean root weight were not significantly affected by plant arrangement over the range studied, but they all progressively increased with later harvests. The asymptotic relationships between these yield variables and plant density were adequately described by the equation of Shinozaki & Kira (1956), the relationships being significantly different for each harvest.Yields of canning-size roots (20–30 mm diameter) were influenced by time of harvest, plant density and the interactions between these two variables. The yield of canning-size roots increased with plant density to a maximum and then declined, the maximum yield being achieved at a higher density with later harvests. In two out of the three experiments there was no effect of spatial arrangement on canning root yields but in the third experiment there was a significant row system × density × harvest interaction.The numbers of roots harvested per metre of row did not differ significantly between the ‘outer’ and ‘other’ rows for any row system treatment. The mean root weight, however, was consistently greater from the outer rows of systems with three or more rows and this ‘edge’ effect became larger with later harvests.The results are discussed in relation to other published data and to carrot production. It is concluded that any of the tested row systems are equally satisfactory for carrot production and the choice can be based on such considerations as the availability of suitable harvesting equipment.

scholarly journals Lime and Phosphorus Effects on American Ginseng: I. Growth, Soil Fertility, and Root Tissue Nutrient Status Response

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Konsler ◽  
J.E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Root Size

Soil applications of dolomitic limestone and P fertilizer before seeding American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) affected root weight (RW) gain during the first 4 years of growth. At the end of each growing season, root size was greatest with the intermediate liming rate and with the high P rate. Lime resulted in positive linear responses in soil pH, K, Ca, and Mg and in root N, P, Ca, and Mg and curvilinear responses in soil Mn and Zn and in root K, Mn, and Zn. Applied P had a positive linear effect on soil Na and on root N, Ca, and Fe and a curvilinear effect on soil P and on root P and Ca. Terminal RW was positively correlated with soil pH, K, Ca, Mg, and Na and with root P, K, Ca, and Mg; RW was negatively correlated with root Mn and Zn. Regression analyses implicated only soil Ca and Na and root Mg and Zn as significant terms in prediction equations,

scholarly journals Pseudoginsenoside F11, a Novel Partial PPARγAgonist, Promotes Adiponectin Oligomerization and Secretion in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

PPAR Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyu Wu ◽  
Junyang Yi ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
Pengcheng Wang ◽  
Zhijie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Master Regulator

PPARγis a nuclear hormone receptor that functions as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and development. Full PPARγagonists, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, they are characterized by undesirable side effects due to their strong agonist activities. Pseudoginsenoside F11 (p-F11) is an ocotillol-type ginsenoside isolated fromPanax quinquefolium L.(American ginseng). In this study, we found that p-F11 activates PPARγwith modest adipogenic activity. In addition, p-F11 promotes adiponectin oligomerization and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also found that p-F11 inhibits obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARγat Ser-273 by Cdk5. Therefore, p-F11 is a novel partial PPARγagonist, which might have the potential to be developed as a new PPARγ-targeted therapeutics for type 2 diabetes.

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