Step-down relative humidity convective air drying strategy to enhance drying kinetics, efficiency, and quality of American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium)

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 903-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Yu Ju ◽  
Shi-Hao Zhao ◽  
Arun S. Mujumdar ◽  
Hai-Yan Zhao ◽  
Xu Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Step Down

scholarly journals DRYING KINETICS OF PEELED COFFEE SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR OF DRYING AFTER PARTIAL DRYING

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 460-476
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Victor Moreira ◽  
Jefferson Luiz Gomes Correa ◽  
Ednilton Tavares de Andrade ◽  
Roney Alves da Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Effective Diffusivity ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Diffusivity Coefficient ◽  
Point Temperature ◽  
Dew Point Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

The mathematical modelling is fundamental for the understanding of the related processes the drying, that influences the quality of the coffee drink. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different relative humidity of the drying air after partial drying on drying kinetics of peeled coffees. Coffee fruits were harvested in the cherry stage and processed by wet, resulting in the portion of peeled coffee. Eleven treatments of drying were accomplished, being nine results of the combination of three dry bulb temperatures and three dew point temperatures, more two treatments without the control of the dew point temperatures. The control of the relative humidity by the dew point temperature was made after the grains reached the partial drying. Among the studied models, those of Diffusion Approximation and Modified Midilli were the most adequate for describing the drying process of the first and second part of drying respectively. The effective diffusivity coefficient of water in coffee grains ranged from 0.81 x 10-11 to 1.84 x 10-11 m² .s-1 during the first part of the drying and ranged from 1.49 x 10-11 to 3.29 x 10-11 m² .s-1 during the second part of the drying, increasing significantly with the reduction of the dew point temperature and increase of the dry bulb temperature.

Gut and Brain Effects of American Ginseng Root on Brainstem Neuronal Activities in Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan ◽  
Ji An Wu ◽  
Tasha Lowell ◽  
Maojian Gu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Unitary Activity ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
Rat Brainstem

Brainstem neurons receiving subdiaphragmatic vagal inputs were recorded in an in vitro neonatal rat brainstem-gastric preparation. Aqueous extracts of American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium L.) were applied to the gastric compartment or the brainstem compartment of the bath chamber to evaluate the peripheral gut and central brain effects of the extracts on brainstem unitary activity. After Panax quinquefolium L. application to the gastric or brainstem compartment, a concentration-related inhibition in neuronal discharge frequency in the brainstem unitary activity was observed, suggesting that Panax quinquefolium L. may play an important role in regulating the digestive process and modulating brain function. In this study, pharmacological effects of American-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. and Chinese-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. were also compared. Our results suggest that American-cultivated Panax quinquefolium L. possesses a significantly stronger gastric modulating effect on brain neuronal activity.

scholarly journals Drying Kinetics and Quality of Whole, Halved, and Pulverized Tiger Nut Tubers (Cyperus esculentus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ernest Ekow Abano ◽  
Joshua Akanson ◽  
Nazir Kizzie-Hayford
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Tiger Nuts

The objective of this study was to provide the optimum drying conditions to produce high-quality dried tiger nuts using hot-air drying. For this, we evaluated the effect of the whole, halved, and pulverized tiger nuts and air temperature (50 to 70°C) on the drying kinetics and quality of tiger nuts. The drying process generally followed a constant rate in the first 3 hours and a falling regime. We found the optimum drying conditions for tiger nuts to be crushed before convective hot-air drying at a temperature of 70°C. At this optimum condition, the predicted drying time, vitamin C content, reducing sugars, browning, brightness, redness, and yellowness was 780 min, 22.9 mg/100 mg dry weight, 157.01 mg/100 g dry weight, 0.21 Abs unit, 56.97, 1.6, and 17.0, respectively. The tiger nut’s reducing sugars increased from the 130.8 mg/100 dry weight in the raw tiger nuts to between 133.11 and 158.18 mg/100 dry weight after drying. The vitamin C degradation rate was highest in the uncut tiger nuts (32-35%) while in the halved and the pulverized samples, it was between 12 and 17%. The crushed samples’ effective moisture removal increased between 5.6- and 6.75-fold at the different air temperatures than that of the intact tiger nuts. The activation energy was 18.17 kJ/mol for the unbroken, 14.78 kJ/mol for the halved, and 26.61 kJ/mol for the pulverized tiger nut samples. The model MR = 0.997   exp − 0.02 t 1.266 + 0.0000056 t was the most suitable thin-layer drying model among the models examined for convective hot-air drying of tiger nuts. It is advisable to crush tiger nut before hot-air drying to produce better-quality flour for making milk beverages, cakes, biscuits, bread, porridge, and tiger nut-based breakfast cereals.

scholarly journals Gypsum Effect on Performance of American Ginseng

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 860B-860
Author(s):  
Jin Wook Lee* ◽  
Kenneth W. Mudge ◽  
Wansang Lim ◽  
Joseph Lardner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Woods cultivation of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) can generate income for forest land owners and decrease collection pressure on wild populations of this increasingly scarce forest herb. For woods cultivation, supplemental calcium by soil application of gypsum (CaSO4 2H2 O) is often recommended, but the effects of this practice on soil characteristics, plant growth and quality of American ginseng are not well characterized. In a greenhouse pot culture experiment, 3-year-old seedlings were treated with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Mt/ha gypsum and grown for 12 weeks. Gypsum application decreased soil pH slightly and elevated soil electrical conductivity and available soil calcium. Tissue levels of calcium were not affected by gypsum treatment but a significant increase in both shoot and root dry weight occurred. Total ginsenosides, which are the pharmacologically active components of ginseng, were increased slightly in roots but not in shoots of plants treated with 4 Mt/ha gypsum. Rb1, the most abundant ginsenoside in roots, was elevated in roots of plants treated with 3 Mt/ha gypsum. Ginsenoside Rg1 was elevated in shoots of plants treated with 2 Mt/ha gypsum. Regardless of gypsum treatment, qualitative differences (relative concentrations of different ginsenosides) between roots and shoots were observed.

scholarly journals Inflorescence Removal Affects Root Yield of American Ginseng

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T.A. Proctor ◽  
David C. Percival ◽  
Dean Louttit
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Root Size

Manual removal of inflorescences from mature (3- and 4-year-old) American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) at commercial timing (early July, ≈25% flowers open) increased root yield at harvest. Consecutive inflorescence removal for 2 years (third and fourth) increased yield 55.6%. Inflorescence removal in 4-year-old plants increased yield by 34.7% compared with 26.1% in 3-year-old plants. Analysis showed that the largest portion of roots (≈40%) was in the medium category (10-20 g), and inflorescence removal did not influence root size distribution. Root yield for 3-year-old plants increased quadratically with plant density, with plants lacking inflorescences having an estimated yield increase of 25%. Maximum yields of 2.4 kg·m-2 for deflowered plants were achieved at a plant density of 170 plants/m2. To maximize ginseng root yield, all plants except those needed to provide seed for future plantings should have inflorescences removed.

scholarly journals GYPSUM AFFECTS AMERICAN GINSENG'S GROWTH, NUTRITION, AND GINSENOSIDES

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 492C-492
Author(s):  
Jin Wook Lee ◽  
Kenneth W. Mudge
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Tissue Calcium

In the Northeast, wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is typically found growing in the dense shade provided by deciduous hardwood tree species such as a sugar maple, in slightly acidic soils with relatively high calcium content. Woods cultivated ginseng is often grown in forest farming agroforestry systems under similar conditions. Supplemental calcium by soil incorporation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is often recommended for woods cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this practice on soil chemical properties, plant growth and quality of American ginseng. In a greenhouse pot culture experiment, 2-year-old seedlings were treated with 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 Mt·ha–1 gypsum and grown for 12 weeks. Gypsum application decreased soil pH slightly, elevated soil electrical conductivity and increased available soil Ca and sulfate concentrations. Tissue calcium concentration was increased with by gypsum treatment, but shoot and root growth was reduced. HPLC analysis of root ginsenosides revealed that Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2, PT ginsenoside (sum of ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) and total ginsenoside concentration increased by gypsum soil amendment.

The impact of combination of pulsed electric field and ultrasound treatment on air drying kinetics and quality of carrot tissue

LWT ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Wiktor ◽  
Magdalena Dadan ◽  
Malgorzata Nowacka ◽  
Katarzyna Rybak ◽  
Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Pulsed Electric Field ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
The Impact
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