scholarly journals AdS/CFT correspondence beyond its supergravity approximation

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (30) ◽  
pp. 1550183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Faizal ◽  
Ahmed Farag Ali ◽  
Ali Nassar
Keyword(s):  
String Theory ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Intermediate Region ◽  
Conformal Dimension ◽  
Extended Structure ◽  
String Corrections

We will study the AdS/CFT correspondence in an intermediate region between the strong form of this correspondence (string theory on AdS being dual to a boundary CFT), and the weak form of this correspondence (supergravity on AdS being dual to a boundary CFT). We will go beyond the supergravity approximation in the AdS by using the fact that strings have an extended structure. We will also calculate the CFT dual to such string corrections in the bulk, and demonstrate that they are consistent with the strong form of the AdS/CFT correspondence. So, even though the conformal dimensions of both the relevant and the irrelevant operators will receive string corrections, the conformal dimension of marginal operators will not receive any such corrections.

Positive and Negative Constitutionalism and the Limits of Universalism: A Review Essay†

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne Stone ◽  
Lael K Weis
Keyword(s):  
Review Essay ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Constitutional Theory ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Essential Function

Abstract In The Principles of Constitutionalism, Nicholas Barber provides a sophisticated yet highly readable introduction to fundamental constitutional principles. At the same time, Barber seeks to reorient constitutional theory scholarship away from a mistaken ‘negative’ understanding of constitutionalism towards a ‘positive’ understanding. This essay examines that argument. We suggest that the idea of ‘positive constitutionalism’ has a weaker and a stronger sense. In its weak form, the argument calls for greater attention to what constitutions enable as well as what they restrict, and thus serves as a welcome reminder of the full potential of constitutional principles. However, it cannot be regarded as the correction of a widespread mistake. In its strong form, the argument calls for greater recognition that the state’s essential function lies in advancing the ‘well-being’ of its members. Although this amounts to a significant reorientation, it weakens the theory’s claim to universalism. These tensions indicate limitations to efforts to construct general theories of constitutionalism.

Weak-Form and Semi-Strong-Form Stock Return Predictability Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1582-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Ferson ◽  
Andrea Heuson ◽  
Tie Su
Keyword(s):  
Stock Return ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Return Predictability ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Stock Return Predictability

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Real Estate Market Versus Efficiency of Its Participants

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Renigier-Biłozor ◽  
Radosław Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Rough Set Theory ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
The Real Estate Market

Real estate markets (REMs) may be classified as strong-form efficient, semi-strong-form efficient or weak-form efficient. Efficiency measures the level of development or goal attainment in a complex social and economic system, such as the real estate market. The efficiency of the real estate market is the individual participant's ability to achieve the set goals. The number of goals is equivalent to the number of participants. Every market participant has a set of specific efficiency benchmarks which can be identified and described. In line with the theory of rational expectations, every participant should make decisions in a rational manner by relying on all available information to make the optimal forecast. The effectiveness of the real estate market is a function of the efficiency of individual market participants. This paper attempts to prove the following hypothesis: the effectiveness of a real estate market may be identified by analysing the effectiveness of its participants. The authors also discuss methods based on the rough set theory which can influence the efficiency and efficacy of market participants, and consequently, the effectiveness of the real estate market and its participants.

ANOMALI PASAR PADA RETURN SAHAM LQ 45 DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA: FENOMENA THE DAY OF WEEK EFFECT, WEEK FOUR EFFECT, ROGALSKY EFFECT, DAN JANUARY EFFECT

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Reza Widhar Pahlevi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
January Effect ◽  
Efficient Markets ◽  
Efficient Market ◽  
Market Anomalies ◽  
Day Of The Week

Market anomalies appears on all forms of efficient markets, both weak form, semi-strong and strongform. But plenty of evidence to link the anomaly with semi-strong form efficient market exploited togenerate abnormal returns. Market anomalies that is often discussed is the Day of the Week Effect,January Effect, Week Four Effect and other market anomalies. Empirical research is intended todetermine whether there is the phenomenon of the day of the week effect, week four effect, the effectrogalsky and January effect on LQ 45 stocks in the Indonesia Stock Exchange year period 2014-2015.Based on the analysis of data, shows that there is the phenomenon of the day of week effect on thecompany LQ-45 in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2014-2015 period, there is the phenomenon of weekfour effect on the LQ-45 in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2014-2015 period, there are phenomenonRogalski Effect on the LQ-45 in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2014-2015 period and there is no Januaryeffect phenomenon in the LQ-45 in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2014-2015 period.Keywords: the day of the week effect, week four effect, rogalsky effect and january effect

Opportunism in Inter-firm Exchanges in Emerging Markets

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadong Luo
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Norm Violation ◽  
Relational Norm ◽  
Social Ordering ◽  
The Face ◽  
Structural Mechanisms ◽  
Multidimensional Concept

AbstractThis article develops a theoretical model of opportunism in inter-organizational exchanges in emerging markets. I decompose opportunism into ‘strong form’ (contractual norm violation) and ‘weak form’ (relational norm violation), and suggest that strong form tends to be more observable, measurable and remediable than weak form and its adverse effect on cooperation tends to be stronger but less enduring than weak form. I address how external uncertainty, a multidimensional concept that includes market volatility, legal unprotectability, information unverifiability and regulatory variability, along with internal uncertainty that reflects dyadic tensions such as goal disparity, resource misfit, cultural dissimilarity and bargaining asymmetry, together affect exchange members' opportunism. This is followed by further discussions on conditions under which firms will opt for strong form or weak form opportunism in the face of such external and internal uncertainties. I suggest that suppressing forces against opportunism necessitates not only economic ordering, such as contractual mechanisms and structural mechanisms, but also social ordering, such as relational mechanisms and justice mechanisms. I expect that economic ordering is more effective in resisting strong form opportunism while social ordering is more forceful in curtailing weak form opportunism.

scholarly journals Alternative forms of judicial review

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-40
Author(s):  
Mark Tushnet
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Constitutional Design ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Allocation Strategies

The invention in the late twentieth century of what I call weak-form systems of judicial review provides us with the chance to see in a new light some traditional debates within U.S. constitutional law and theory, which are predicated on the fact that the United States has strong-form judicial review. Strong- and weak-form systems operate on the level of constitutional design, in the sense that their characteristics are specified in constitutional documents or in deep-rooted constitutional traditions. After sketching the differences between strong- and weak-form systems, I turn to design features that operate at the next lower level. Here legislatures or courts specify whether their enactments or decisions will receive strong- or weak-form treatment. I examine examples of legislative allocations of issues to strong- and weak-form review and identify some practical and conceptual problems with such allocations. Then I examine judicial allocations — of the courts’ own decisions — to Strong- or weak-form categories. Here I consider Thayerian judicial review and what Professor Dan Coenen has called semisubstantive doctrines as examples of judicial choices to give their decisions weak-form effects. My conclusion is that these allocation strategies reproduce within strong- and weakform systems the issues that arise on the level of constitutional design. Weak-form systems and allocation may seem to alleviate some difficultiesassociated with strong-form systems in constitutional democracies. My analysis suggests that those difficulties may persist even when alternatives to strong-form judicial review are adopted.

scholarly journals Entry, exit, ownership structure and the efficient market hypothesis: a case study of the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-325
Author(s):  
Vglingam Sivalingam
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Efficient Market ◽  
Competitive Model

The objective of this paper is to provide a new theoretical perspective on testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). Previous studies have shown that the KLSE is weak form efficient or at most semi strong form efficient. However, an adequate explanation has not been provided as to why the KLSE is not strong form efficient. The paper suggests that this is because the KLSE does not approximate the neoclassical competitive model in terms of entry, pricing and exit. There are barriers to entry and exit and hence to the free flow of accurate and complete information in the KLSE. The securities offered for sale are also underpriced as there is extensive government intervention to ensure adequate returns to investors. The market is also dominated by large government owned and family owned conglomerates. This together with a segmented market for three classes of investors, that is, the bumiputras, the other Malaysians and foreigners ensures that resources are not allowed to flow to their most value users and hence prices are not competitively set. The paper ends by noting that the KLSE is moving from a government dominated exchange for securities to a market system as a result of recent reforms and policy changes

Abusive Judicial Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-115
Author(s):  
Rosalind Dixon ◽  
David Landau
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Liberal Democratic

This chapter explains the concept of abusive judicial review: the use of courts by regimes to achieve anti-democratic constitutional change. Abusive judicial review involves abusive constitutional borrowing in two distinct senses: first, regimes lean on captured or cowed courts as a strategy to legitimate or advance authoritarian goals, and second, those courts often draw upon liberal democratic doctrines in abusive ways. It develops a typology of two different forms of the phenomenon—a weak form where courts uphold authoritarian moves by political actors, and a strong form where they act more directly to remove obstacles to authoritarian programs. Finally, it draws out two main examples: the Venezuelan Supreme Court’s repression of the opposition-held legislature using a doctrine of ‘legislative omission’ and other tools, and the wielding of militant democracy doctrines by the Cambodian and Thai apex courts to ban parties for authoritarian ends.

Investigation of Radial Basis Collocation Method for Incremental-Iterative Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy P. Yang ◽  
Wan-Ting Su
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Collocation Method ◽  
Reproducing Kernel ◽  
Nonlinear Problems ◽  
Quadrature Rule ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Collocation Methods ◽  
Particle Methods ◽  
Radial Basis

We propose an incremental-iterative algorithm by using the strong form collocation method for solving geometric nonlinear problems. As nonlinear analyses concerning large deformation have been relied on the weak form-based methods such as the finite element methods and the reproducing kernel particle methods, the recently developed strong form collocation methods could be new research directions in that the mesh control and quadrature rule are abandoned in the collocation methods. In this work, the radial basis collocation method is adopted to perform the nonlinear analysis. The corresponding parameters affecting the deformation paths such as the increment of applied traction and shape parameter of the radial basis function are discussed. We also investigate the possibility of using the weighted collocation methods in the nonlinear analysis.

scholarly journals Legislative Functions of Second Chambers in Federal Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133a ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gamper
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Normative Concept ◽  
Homogeneous Set ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Legislative functions of federal second chambers are not a homogeneous set of powers, but require comparison and classification. First, the paper will examine the legislative functions of the second chambers of those European states that have a federal or quasifederal character (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom). Second, the paper addresses the normative concept of the legislative functions of federal second chambers: what is the particularly federal rationale behind these legislative powers, and are there other constitutional rationales as well? Do some legislative functions serve purposes of federalism better than others and does a dichotomy between ‘weak-form’ and ‘strong-form’ veto powers apply in this context? This will also require some discussion on whether perfect or imperfect bicameralism and the requirements of internal decision-making play a role in this regard.

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