scholarly journals On the generalization of Conway algebra

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongjeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Polynomial Invariant ◽  
Binary Operations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Skein Relation

In [Przytyski and Traczyk, Invariants of links of Conway type, Kobe J. Math. 4 (1989) 115–139], Przytyski and Traczyk introduced an algebraic structure, called a Conway algebra, and constructed an invariant of oriented links, which is a generalization of the Homflypt polynomial invariant. On the other hand, in [Kauffman and Lambropoulou, New invariants of links and their state sum models, arXiv:1703.03655v2 [math.GT] 15 Mar 2017], Kauffman and Lambropoulou introduced new 4-variable invariants of oriented links, which are obtained by two computational steps: in the first step, we apply a skein relation on every mixed crossing to produce unions of unlinked knots. In the second step, we apply another skein relation on crossings of the unions of unlinked knots, which introduces a new variable. In this paper, we will introduce a generalization of the Conway algebra [Formula: see text] with two binary operations and we construct an invariant valued in [Formula: see text] by applying those two binary operations to mixed crossings and pure crossing, respectively. The 4-variable invariant of Kauffman and Lambropoulou with a specific condition is derived from the invariant valued in [Formula: see text]. Moreover, the generalized Conway algebra gives us an invariant of oriented links, which satisfies nonlinear skein relations.

scholarly journals El papel de la darse-previo en la fenomenología trascendental

Phainomenon ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-52
Author(s):  
Roberto J. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Natural Attitude ◽  
Cartesian Meditation ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article is an attempt to clarify the role of pregivenness by drawing on the accounts afforded by Eugen Fink both in the Sixth Cartesian Meditation and in the complementary writings to this study. Pregivenness is first situated, along with givenness and non-givenness, within the framework of the system of transcendental phenomenology. As a second step, an examination is undertaken of the dimensions of pregivenness in the natural attitude. Next, nonpregivenness in the transcendental sphere is examined with a focus upon the way in which indeterminateness does not undermine the possibility of a transcendental foreknowledge in the natural attitude, and on the other hand implies the productive character of phenomenological knowledge. After showing how, with the reduction, the pregivennes of the world turns into the pregivenness of world-constitution, the paper addresses the problems raised by the nonpregivenness both of the depth-levels and the reach of transcendental life. By unfolding these lines of inquiry, transcendental phenomenology surmounts the provisional analysis of constitution at the surface level as well as the limitation of transcendental life to the egological sphere. Finally, it is contended that Fink’s account of pregivenness overstates apperceptive or secondary pregivenenness because is does not deal with the pregivenness that precedes acts and is the condition of possibility for primary passivity. Reasons for the omission of impressional or primary pregivenness are suggested.

scholarly journals REDUPLICATION PROCESSES IN TURKISH AND GERMAN: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 204-221
Author(s):  
Buse ŞEN ERDOĞAN
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
New Words ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
The Common

The main goal of this study is to analyse the reduplicative structures in two languages: Turkish and German. Unlike German, Turkish is known as a language that actively uses productive reduplicative structures. There are different functions of these structures. They can be employed to produce new words in some languages or they can add different meanings to the existing words. They are mostly divided as partial and full reduplication. Also, some of the reduplication processes are productive, which means they can be used with new words unlike unproductive reduplication which can only be used with some specific words in that language. This study is a contrastive study and this requires three steps in the study: description, juxtaposition and comparison (Krzeszowski, 1990: 35). In the description step, the features of reduplication are defined and reduplicative processes in Turkish and German are described. In the second step, juxtaposition, the common ground to be compared in two languages are stated. At the end in the comparison step, the differences and similarities regarding reduplicative processes in two languages are determined related to type and degree. In terms of degree, both languages have full and partial reduplication. On the other hand, German has more types of reduplicative structures compared to Turkish. When two languages are compared regarding type, it is possible to state that German reduplicative structures are mostly unproductive, which means those structures are generally lexicalized or idiomatic expressions and do not allow for new words unlike Turkish.

scholarly journals Centralising Monoids with Low-Arity Witnesses on a Four-Element Set

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1471
Author(s):  
Mike Behrisch ◽  
Edith Vargas-García
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Full Transformation ◽  
Group Operation ◽  
Binary Operations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Transformation Monoid ◽  
Element Set

As part of a project to identify all maximal centralising monoids on a four-element set, we determine all centralising monoids witnessed by unary or by idempotent binary operations on a four-element set. Moreover, we show that every centralising monoid on a set with at least four elements witnessed by the Maľcev operation of a Boolean group operation is always a maximal centralising monoid, i.e., a co-atom below the full transformation monoid. On the other hand, we also prove that centralising monoids witnessed by certain types of permutations or retractive operations can never be maximal.

More than a Person

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Matthias Remenyi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Divine Providence ◽  
Divine Action ◽  
Concept Of God ◽  
Truth Claim ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The question whether God should be thought of as personal or a-personal is closely linked to the issue of an appropriate model of God-world relation on the one hand and the question how to conceive divine action on the other hand. Starting with a discussion of the scientific character of theology, this article critically examines the univocal-personal concept of God. Traditional Christian conceptions of God have, however, always acknowledged a radical asymmetry between the personal existence of created beings and the ground of being itself. In a second step, the ontological truth claim associated with this way of speaking about God is being related to its methodological consequences. In final step, attention is given to the relation of immanence and transcendence as it is defended in different versions of panentheism: As an alternative to divine interventionism, panentheism can be shown to explicate divine providence as formal and final causation.

A Word by the Editor-in-Chief

Illuminatio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Mustafa Cerić
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Ideas

The Magazine Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar is taking its second step in a marathon on the path of new ideas about faith, morality, art, nation, society and state. We cannot hide either our nervousness or our curiosity from the rst step. The trepidation was the fear that we would not meet your expectations, and the curiosity was the desire to hear your objective criticism. Apart from two attempts at at criticism burdened with old and new prejudices, we no longer have reason to fear. On the contrary, we have gained the con dence that we dare and can walk freely with our heads held high because the Magazine Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar knows its goal. Our curiosity, on the other hand, is satis ed by a review and analytical critique in one of the renowned, world- famous journals focused on works on religion, under the direction of Dr. Paul Mojzes, both the editorial board and the editorial policy.

Generalizations of a Conway algebra for oriented surface-links via marked graph diagrams

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 1842014
Author(s):  
Yongju Bae ◽  
Seonmi Choi ◽  
Seongjeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Structure ◽  
Polynomial Invariant ◽  
Oriented Surface ◽  
Binary Operations ◽  
Marked Graphs ◽  
Marked Graph

In 1987, Przytyski and Traczyk introduced an algebraic structure, called a Conway algebra, and constructed an invariant of oriented links, which is a generalization of the HOMFLY-PT polynomial invariant. In 2018, Kim generalized a Conway algebra, which is an algebraic structure with two skein relations, which is called a generalized Conway algebra. In 2017, Joung, Kamada, Kawauchi and Lee constructed a polynomial invariant of oriented surface-links by using marked graph diagrams. In this paper, we will introduce generalizations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of a Conway algebra and a generalized Conway algebra, which are called a marked Conway algebra and a generalized marked Conway algebra, respectively. We will construct invariants valued in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for oriented marked graphs and oriented surface-links by applying binary operations to classical crossings and marked vertices via marked graph diagrams. The polynomial invariant of oriented surface-links is obtained from the invariant valued in the marked Conway algebra with additional conditions.

scholarly journals Immune Logics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-52
Author(s):  
BRUNO DA RE ◽  
DAMIAN SZMUC
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Structure ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
The Other ◽  
A Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Semantic Value ◽  
The One

This article is concerned with an exploration of a family of systems—called immune logics—that arise from certain dualizations of the well-known family of infectious logics. The distinctive feature of the semantic of infectious logics is the presence of a certain “infectious” semantic value, by which two different though equivalent things are meant. On the one hand, it is meant that these values are zero elements for all the operations in the underlying algebraic structure. On the other hand, it is meant that these values behave in a value-in-value-out fashion for all the operations in the underlying algebraic structure. Thus, in a rather informal manner, we will refer to immune logics as those systems whose underlying semantics count with a certain “immune” semantic value behaving in a way that is somewhat dual to that of the infectious values. In a more formal manner, carrying out this dualization will prove to be not as straightforward as one could imagine, since the two characterizations of infectiousness discussed above lead to two different outcomes when one tries to conduct them. We explore these alternatives and provide technical results regarding them, and the various logical systems defined using such semantics.

scholarly journals DOJŚCIE EMISJI PAPIERÓW WARTOŚCIOWYCH DO SKUTKU NA PRZYKŁADZIE EMISJI OBLIGACJI

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Marek Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Bond Issue ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
External Sources ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Entire Procedure

THE MOMENT OF CREATION OF SECURITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BONDS Summary Bonds are a type of securities that are used to raise funds for the financial needs of enterprises. These funds are considered as a money capital coming from external sources, as the bond issuer is obliged to repay the loan up to the date specified in the terms of the issue of the bonds. The process of the bond issue has been greatly simplified, so that bonds become an instrument easy to use on the financial market. The brevity of the provisions regulating the bond issue was intended to ensure that bond issue can be conducted briefly and to release the entire procedure from the burden of unnecessary rigorism. In contrast to shares, issuance of bonds is not subject to any formal restrictions in the form of entering the issue to a public register of any kind. On the other hand, brevity of the Bonds Act of 29 June 1995 leads to significant differences in interpretation. The Act on Bonds does not clearly identify the moment of creation of an effective claim. Whereas there are two legal terms defined in the Act i.e. the hand-over of bond documents, and the moment of the issuance taking place. The are no grounds, in light of the provisions of the Act on Bonds, to eqaute these two concepts. The creation of an effective receivable, i.e., one that may be claimed by legal actions of the creditor is determined by the moment of the issuance taking place, not the hand-over of the bond documents. The second step, namely the hand-over of the bond documents, from the perspective of the Law on Bonds has only a technical meaning and should not be treated as a requirement for the acquisition of the claim by the bondholder. Absence of the bond documents hand-over may affect the position of the bondholder, since it impedes the possibility to dispose of the claim, but does not deprive one of the right. The bondholders claim is created on the earlier stage and ist existance is independent of the bond document hand-over.

Inhibition of Protein Aggregation: SAXS Study on the Role of the αC Region of Fibrinogen in the Fibrin Polymerization

2011 ◽  
Vol 497 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Kenji Kubota ◽  
Kaori Wakamatsu ◽  
Nobukazu Nameki ◽  
Yoshiharu Toyama
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fibrin Polymerization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
E Region ◽  
Fibrinogen Molecule

Fibrin polymerization proceeds in a stepwise manner. In the first step, fibrinogen-to-fibrin conversion is triggered by the enzymatic fibrinopeptide release and protofibril formation/growth proceeds. In the following second step, lateral aggregation of the protofibrils occurs resulting in the network formation. Switchover from the first step to the second one can regulate the resultant network structure, and the lateral aggregation is considered to be induced by the interaction between the αC regions of two adjacent protofibrils. In order to clarify the characteristics of this interaction, we examined the cross-sectional diameter DCin addition to the hydrodynamic diameter (Stoke diameter) of fibrinogen molecule in various solution conditions. Cross-sectional diameter of intact fibrinogen was 4.7 nm in agreement with the molecular structure. On the other hand, fragment-X, in which the αC regions are deleted, had smaller DCof 4.2 nm. This means that the αC regions snuggle up to the molecular backbone, which is consistent with the model that the termini of the αC regions are tethered to the central E-region in the intact fibrinogen. On the other hand, fibrinogen at pH 3 had a cross-sectional diameter of 4.0 nm, which is further smaller than that of fragment-X. This is accounted for by the scheme that the αC regions are released from the central region, because side chains of Asp and Glu residues have neutral charge at pH 3. With the increase of ionic strength up to 150 mM at pH 3, fibrinogen molecules become to aggregate resulting in huge aggregated particles. Our results suggest that the released αC regions can interact attractively with each other through the hydrophobic interaction, which supports the proposed scheme of fibrin polymerization.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

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