scholarly journals Gravitational anomalies in the solar system?

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 1530015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Iorio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Mass Parameter ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Astronomical Unit ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Secular Increase ◽  
Gravitational Anomalies

Mindful of the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury discovered by Le Verrier in the second half of the nineteenth century and its successful explanation by Einstein with his General Theory of Relativity in the early years of the twentieth century, discrepancies among observed effects in our Solar system and their theoretical predictions on the basis of the currently accepted laws of gravitation applied to known matter-energy distributions have the potential of paving the way for remarkable advances in fundamental physics. This is particularly important now more than ever, given that most of the universe seems to be made of unknown substances dubbed Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Should this not be directly the case, Solar system's anomalies could anyhow lead to advancements in either cumulative science, as shown to us by the discovery of Neptune in the first half of the nineteenth century, and technology itself. Moreover, investigations in one of such directions can serendipitously enrich the other one as well. The current status of some alleged gravitational anomalies in the Solar system is critically reviewed. They are: (a) Possible anomalous advances of planetary perihelia. (b) Unexplained orbital residuals of a recently discovered moon of Uranus (Mab). (c) The lingering unexplained secular increase of the eccentricity of the orbit of the Moon. (d) The so-called Faint Young Sun Paradox. (e) The secular decrease of the mass parameter of the Sun. (f) The Flyby Anomaly. (g) The Pioneer Anomaly. (h) The anomalous secular increase of the astronomical unit.

scholarly journals Astrometric Solar-System Anomalies and Evolutionary Physical Constants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Hubble Constant ◽  
Secular Change ◽  
Distance Modulus ◽  
Astronomical Unit ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Orbit Eccentricity ◽  
Secular Increase

We have shown that three astrometric solar-system anomalies can be explained satisfactorily by using evolutionary gravitational constant G and speed of light c in the Einstein’s field equation. These are: a) the Pioneer acceleration anomaly; b) the anomalous secular increase of Moon-orbit eccentricity; and c) the anomalous secular change in the astronomical unit AU. The gravitational constant G and the speed of light c both increase as dG/dt = 5.4GH0 and dc/dt = 1.8cH0 with H0 as the Hubble constant. We also show that the Planck’s constant ħ increases as dħ/dt = 1.8ħH0.  Additionally, the new approach fits the supernovae Ia redshift vs distance modulus data as well as the standard ΛCDM model with just one adjustable parameter H0.

Songs of the spirit from Dufftown

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Shelagh Noden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Liturgical Music

Following the Scottish Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Scottish Catholics were at last free to break the silence imposed by the harsh penal laws, and attempt to reintroduce singing into their worship. At first opposed by Bishop George Hay, the enthusiasm for liturgical music took hold in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the fledgling choirs were hampered both by a lack of any tradition upon which to draw, and by the absence of suitable resources. To the rescue came the priest-musician, George Gordon, a graduate of the Royal Scots College in Valladolid. After his ordination and return to Scotland he worked tirelessly in forming choirs, training organists and advising on all aspects of church music. His crowning achievement was the production, at his own expense, of a two-volume collection of church music for the use of small choirs, which remained in use well into the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Varying Physical Constants, Astrometric Anomalies, Redshift and Hubble Units

Galaxies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Hubble Constant ◽  
Astronomical Unit ◽  
Lunar Laser Ranging ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Lunar Laser ◽  
Walker Metric ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Secular Increase

We have developed a cosmological model by allowing the speed of light c, gravitational constant G and cosmological constant Λ in the Einstein filed equation to vary in time, and solved them for Robertson-Walker metric. Assuming the universe is flat and matter dominant at present, we obtain a simple model that can fit the supernovae 1a data with a single parameter almost as well as the standard ΛCDM model with two parameters, and which has the predictive capability superior to the latter. The model, together with the null results for the variation of G from the analysis of lunar laser ranging data determines that at the current time G and c both increase as dG/dt = 5.4GH0 and dc/dt = 1.8cH0 with H0 as the Hubble constant, and Λ decreases as dΛ/dt = −1.2ΛH0. This variation of G and c is all what is needed to account for the Pioneer anomaly, the anomalous secular increase of the moon eccentricity, and the anomalous secular increase of the astronomical unit. We also show that the Planck’s constant ħ increases as dħ/dt = 1.8ħH0 and the ratio D of any Hubble unit to the corresponding Planck unit increases as dD/dt = 1.5DH0. We have shown that it is essential to consider the variation of all the physical constants that may be involved directly or indirectly in a measurement rather than only the one whose variation is of interest.

The Origin of Punch and Judy: A New Clue?

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
George Speaight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Commedia Dell'arte ◽  
General Opinion

The general opinion, voiced on instinct rather than conclusive evidence, has been that the Punch and Judy show came from Italy. The name Punch is clearly derived, via Punchinello (1667), Polichinello (1666), and Policinella (1664), from Pulcinella, the commedia dell'arte character who originated in Naples about 1600. Prints in abundance show a puppet performance, resembling Punch and Judy, in Naples, Rome and Venice in the eighteenth and the early years of the nineteenth century. And one of the earliest, and perhaps the earliest Punch performer on the streets of London was an Italian, Piccini by name, whose show was immortalized by George Cruikshank's drawings and, to a lesser extent, by Payne Collier's edited text in 1828.

FABLES FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1818

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Cone
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
School Children ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Open Books ◽  
Moral Instruction ◽  
Almost All

In the early years of the nineteenth century William Perry's The Only Sure Guide to the English Tongue, published by Isaiah Thomas, Jr., was the most widely used speller and reader in New England schools (Fig. 1). The two things in Perry's book that were said to have most impressed those who learned to spell and read from it were the frontispiece (Fig. 2) and the collection of fables. The frontispiece shows a tree of learning growing in a schoolyard, and groups of boys playing in its shadow. A ladder reaches into the branches and several boys with open books in their hands are climbing up the ladder into branches of the tree. The illustrated fables found toward the end of Perry's book were studied and memorized by almost all New England school children a century and a half ago. Perry's choice of fables, one of which will be published each month, will offer an excellent view of the kind of moral instruction our children were once taught.1

Chapter 6 Decline in the North in the Early Nineteenth Century

2004 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Gordon Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Sudden Expansion ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The North

The ending of the Napoleonic war in 1815 was not followed by the same sort of bounding activity as followed the ending of the previous war in 1783, for two very obvious reasons. The sudden expansion after 1783 had resulted chiefly from the changed relationship between Britain and America; and the last few years of the Napoleonic war had themselves witnessed both "recovery" and prosperity in the whaling trade which preceded the normal return to peace-time activities. The year 1808 had been one of appalling depression in overseas trade when, because of restrictions imposed for war purposes, ports all over the country came virtually to a standstill. The whaling trade had suffered with the rest, and the prosperity of the early years of the century was briefly interrupted. Only fifty-six ships sailed for the Northern Fishery in 1808, and only nineteen for the Southern, though the aggregate value of their catches - as usually happened - remained disproportionately high....

Exoplanets: Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Bisikalo ◽  
Pavel V. Kaygorodov ◽  
Valery I. Shematovich
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Hot Jupiters ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exoplanetary Atmospheres ◽  
Host Stars ◽  
Gaseous Envelopes ◽  
Hot Jupiter

The history of exoplanetary atmospheres studies is strongly based on the observations and investigations of the gaseous envelopes of hot Jupiters—exoplanet gas giants that have masses comparable to the mass of Jupiter and orbital semi-major axes shorter than 0.1 AU. The first exoplanet around a solar-type star was a hot Jupiter discovered in 1995. Researchers found an object that had completely atypical parameters compared to planets known in the solar system. According to their estimates, the object might have a mass about a half of the Jovian mass and a very short orbital period (four days), which means that it has an orbit roughly corresponding to the orbit of Mercury. Later, many similar objects were discovered near different stars, and they acquired a common name—hot Jupiters. It is still unclear what the mechanism is for their origin, because generally accepted theories of planetary evolution predict the formation of giant planets only at large orbital distances, where they can accrete enough matter before the protoplanetary disc disappears. If this is true, before arriving at such low orbits, hot Jupiters might have a long migration path, caused by interactions with other massive planets and/or with the gaseous disc. In favor of this model is the discovery of many hot Jupiters in elliptical and highly inclined orbits, but on the other hand several observed hot Jupiters have circular orbits with low inclination. An alternative hypothesis is that the cores of future hot Jupiters are super-Earths that may later intercept matter from the protoplanetary disk falling on the star. The scientific interest in hot Jupiters has two aspects. The first is the peculiarity of these objects: they have no analogues in the solar system. The second is that, until recently, only for hot Jupiters was it possible to obtain observational characteristics of their atmospheres. Many of the known hot Jupiters are eclipsing their host stars, so, from their light curve and spectral data obtained during an eclipse, it became possible to obtain information about their shape and their atmospheric composition. Thus it is possible to conclude that hot Jupiters are a common type of exoplanet, having no analogues in the solar system. Many aspects of their evolution and internal structure remain unclear. Being very close to their host stars, hot Jupiters must interact with the stellar wind and stellar magnetic field, as well as with stellar flares and coronal mass ejections, allowing researchers to gather information about them. According to UV observations, at least a fraction of hot Jupiters have extended gaseous envelopes, extending far beyond of their upper atmospheres. The envelopes are observable with current astronomical instruments, so it is possible to develop their astrophysical models. The history of hot Jupiter atmosphere studies during the past 20 years and the current status of modern theories describing the extended envelopes of hot Jupiters are excellent examples of the progress in understanding planetary atmospheres formation and evolution both in the solar system and in the extrasolar planetary systems.

scholarly journals ‘Busy, Without Thimbles, at the Needlework’: Men’s Sewing and Masculinity on the Victorian Goldfields, 1851–1861

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Lorinda Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Domestic Practices ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Female Occupation ◽  
Female Experience

Abstract Australia’s gold-rush history has long been dominated by narratives of male adventure: of landscapes where men lived side by side, mateship took on increasing importance in the pursuit of gold, masculine behaviours and manners were emphasized and domesticity was shunned. In the early years of the rich discoveries of gold, men often travelled alone to the colony of Victoria in their search for wealth. This article examines a situation this unique environment created: where men unaccompanied by women – although women, too, were present on the diggings – were required to adopt practices perceived as feminine. It focuses in on needlework to explore the tensions that emerged given sewing was a defining female occupation during the nineteenth century, inhabiting a central place in the female experience. As this article highlights, sewing became an essential practice for men on the Victorian goldfields in order to keep themselves clothed, warm and dry. I consider how men approached their sewing tasks given needlework’s inextricable link with women, and the various strategies they used to frame their sewing in letters, diaries and memoirs – sometimes for close friends and family alone, and other times for wider dissemination. Drawing on sociological frameworks on constructions of gender, masculinity and manliness, I then consider how a shifting engagement with domestic practices may have strengthened rather than challenged identity on the goldfields.

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